Individual Automobile Safety Technology Engineering Ethics

The overarching contribution of the automobile industry to the United States economy is considerable. Approximately 1.067 million intermediate job are engaged in the direct support of the industry. The spin-off jobs that are associated with the industry -- those people who are employed in direct and intermediate positions -- adds an additional 1.765 million to the total job count associated with U.S. motor vehicle manufacturing activities. This brings the total number of jobs to nearly 3.145 million jobs. The ratio of direct employment to total jobs created has a multiplier of 10.0 (3,145,000 / 313,000) -- an excellent ratio in any investment. To put it in simpler, more comprehensible terms, for every single job in the automobile manufacturing industry, there are an additional nine jobs in the entire sector.

Private sector compensation that is associated with the total number of jobs is about $206 billion, with personal income taxes on that employment estimated to be about $29 billion. It is useful to think in terms of the percentages of jobs and of compensation for automobile manufacturing in terms of the overall employment and earnings figures for the United States. When the direct, intermediate, and spin-off jobs for the production of original equipment and manufacturing operations in the United States are totaled, this figure accounts for roughly 2% of the economy of the United States and about 1.5% of the total earnings in the United States.

Unpacking the intermediate category -- which can be broadly considered to be the automotive / supplier network -- shows 1.067 jobs in the manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries that are necessary to meet manufacturers' demands for services and materials that spans design, production, and sales of automobiles. The supply portion of this network largely consists of those suppliers who provide parts and services directly to the vehicle assembly plants. The supplier portion of the network also includes those who provide the basic materials and services -- such as basic commodities -- to the suppliers who are a tier above them. As such, these second tier suppliers may be considerably removed from the manufacturing processes and the vehicle design processes. Considering the operations at the automobile manufacturing plants, the intermediate needs of primary assemblers -- for plastic and metallic parts, for electronic components, and the various other materials needed to manufacture vehicles -- is met by an enormous array of specialized manufacturers that make up the U.S. intermediate employment band, which is about 192,000 jobs, with 80,000 jobs in parts manufacturing, 16,000 positions engaged in the manufacture of primary metals, 39,000 engaged in the fabrication of the metal products themselves, and 15,000 producing the plastics and rubber products required for automotive manufacturing. While these numbers reflect positions for the manufacturing of parts and components, which are necessary to produce the assembly material inputs and services, the figures do not include the people employed directly by the original equipment manufacturers or OEMs, which totals approximately 313,000 individuals.

Automobile manufacturing and GDP. To take the long view, economists estimate that car sales added 0.7% to 0.8% to the national gross domestic product in 2011 (White, 2011). In the United States, automotive manufacturing is classified by the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) as a segment of the larger transportation equipment manufacturing sector (NAICS.336) (Thompson & Merchant, 2012). This discussion focuses on GDP and employment associated with automobile manufacturing in the following three categories of the NAICS system:

3361: Motor Vehicle Manufacturing: "Establishments (often called original equipment manufacturers or "OEMs") that primarily assemble entire motor vehicles including cars, mini-vans, light trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), electric automobiles for highway use, fire-trucks, tractors, and buses" (Thompson & Merchant, 2012).

3362: Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing: "Firms that manufacture motor vehicles bodies as well as cabs and trailers. Often these include assembling cars in kit form, special purpose vehicle bodies, stretch limo assemblies, dump truck lifting mechanisms, flatbed trailers, and self-contained Recreational Vehicles (RVs)" (Thompson & Merchant, 2012).

3363: Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing: "Firms that do not assemble complete motor vehicles or bodies but focus on manufacturing motor vehicle parts, engines or rebuild motor parts. Such components include hoses and belts, springs, diesel engine parts, brake and electric system components, steering and suspension, and seats and trimming for automobiles" (Thompson & Merchant, 2012).

A brief review of the automobile industry from the perspective of these categories helps to flesh out the enormity of the economic impact, with regard to both GDP and employment. Moreover, as the next section...

This fact is explicative with regard to political pressure employed by regions and states to ensure that they benefit from the automotive industry, and this is particularly true for those regions and states that have had consist and heavy involvement in the industry. In fact, the profits to made in the automotive industry can have a very strong influence on how well the country responds to demands to increase safety and fuel economy and technological improvements. There is a thriving special interest element that has not been factored into the economic and GDP measures associated with the automotive industry. Even if the actual numbers of people engaged in lobbying is small, the transfer of wealth is not insignificant.
Current and future trends in automotive industry. Substantive differences in the relative performance of leading automobile manufactures are evident over the past decade, particularly. These differences are reflected in the employment levels and in the figures showing GDP growth. Economic growth and GDP are not completely independent measures and GDP growth has shown to be a strong indicator of employment growth. GDP growth does, in fact, have a substantive effect in the growth of the employment in the automobile industry. At a more micro level, it is illustrative to examine the overall trend in top-line revenues between 2005 and 2008 for automobile manufacturers; as illustrated, there is a marked downward trend for the Detroit Three compared to Japanese automobile manufacturers.

Figure 1: Revenue of the Top Six Automakers Compared to U.S. New Auto Sales

Source: IBRC, using data from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) EDGAR database and SEC filings data obtained from LexisNexis Academic, Hoovers, Forbes, and automaker corporate websites. New auto sales data are from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Cost-benefit Analysis for Automakers

When considering the marketability of new car technologies, it is important to recognize that environmental issues, growing urbanization and changing customer behavior are the key issues influencing the global automotive industry. The KPMG International 2012 global survey indicates that the automotive industry continues to face environmental challenges, increasing urbanization, and evolving consumer behavior, all of which point to radical new approaches to future automotive design that will meld technology and mobility ("KPMG," 2012). As the world's economies globalize, there is general agreement among experts that these concerns and product demands are being universalized. Indeed, 75% of respondents in the KPMG International 2012 survey believe that emerging and mature markets will converge by 2025 ("KPMG," 2012).

As the pressure for ever-greater fuel efficiency continues, the industry asserts that the electromobility is the most influential trend in the automobile industry ("KPMG," 2012). Both fuel cells, which appears to have secondary appeal, and batteries are considered to be viable technologies that will become standard options ("KPMG," 2012). Moreover, as city dwellers generate changes in the growth patterns of urban centers and the commute distances shrink in tandem, cars will need to be adapted to particular environments ("KPMG," 2012). Additionally, the universal efforts of municipalities to reduce congestion and pollution will likely result in restrictions on car ownership or, minimally, restrictions on automobile usage. With improvements in public transit in urban areas, the demand for car ownership is expected to decrease -- at least in mature developed countries ("KPMG," 2012). Even though the electromobility trend seems to be robust, there appears to be a move toward more intelligent mobility services, such as car sharing that will become even more evident over the next 10 to 15 years ("KPMG," 2012). Urban-oriented design is considered to be the third most important trend in the automotive industry by the respondents in the KPMG International 2012 survey ("KPMG," 2012).

Affordability is also a central concern of automakers and of consumers who will continue to purchase cars ("KPMG," 2012). These concerns place financing and leasing options at the forefront, particularly in emerging markets where the opportunities for automobile financing and leasing for a burgeoning middle class has not yet been fully developed. The entire field of connected car concepts remains significant for automakers ("KPMG," 2012). Solutions that address the way in which the virtual world and the real world interact with automobiles are expected to emerge as increasingly important ("KPMG," 2012). Moreover, this connected car design concept is expected to reach mass-market levels because of inherent safety and fuel economy issues ("KPMG," 2012).

Profitability is seen by the automobile industry to be inextricably tied to two high-ranking value-added services: Servicing options and warranty options ("KPMG," 2012).…