What management does still exists must maintain an open door policy, so as to help lower level employees transition and communicate concerns but again managers are likely to have a clear idea that this is a behavioral manner of influencing actions. (Tyler, 1997, p. 323) Though the transition to flat organisation may benefit most organisations, it is still a transitional situation that requires special understanding of employee empowerment as well

Empowerment The concept of empowerment is not a new one, but it seems that within the last two decades it has become a buzz word. Thinking about empowerment goes back to people who were denied any type of rights whether that be to decide how they were going to live, work, eat, or make any decision regarding their own lives. It does not matter what era of history is perused there

Similarly operational efficiency is crucial for control but too authoritative approach to a controlled culture is no more feasible in the current business environment because it stifles creativity and hinders employee freedom affecting overall business performance. Innovation and setting benchmarks and preparing people to achieve such high standards become the hallmark of organizations that strive for competence. Lastly cultivation culture is about stirring the lives of customers and employees

In fact, as early as the 1989-1990 school years, school-based decision making was implemented in three elementary schools in the Memphis City School System (Smith, Valesky & Horgan, 1991). Based on this seminal initiative, improvements were cited in: (a) the coordination provided by the school councils; (b) school-based staff development activities; (c) support and services provided by the district central office; (d) data and reports provided to the individual

This type of empowerment refers to empowerment on an organizational level. It refers to the concrete transference of power to the employee through policies and direct actions that provide the employee with greater resources and channels through which to exercise their power. This may be in the form of voting rights on key company decisions, or it may mean an open-door policy from management. Three concepts are associated with empowerment:

Instead, it is increasingly evident that stark political conditions have weighed heavily on the nature of either side's identity, indicating that that conformity is a powerful force in the Islamic world. Social Perception and Social Cognition: Social perception and social cognition are rampantly distorted in many parts of the Middle East. For many Shiite and Sunni combatants, a lack of access to education, history or the ability to critically assess global