138).
Also identified were those core mental processes. They were:
Recognizing the existence of the problem
Defining the nature of the problem
Constructing a strategy to solve the problem
Mentally representing information about the problem
Allocating mental resources in solving the problem
Monitoring one's solution to the problem
Evaluating one's solution to the problem (Pfeiffer 2004 p. 138).
These have a lot in common with the components proposed by Akers & Porter.
Pfeiffer also identified the existing EQ (EI) tests available. Goleman, he noted, constructed a set of ten EI questions he felt represented a situation in which "an emotionally intelligent response is quantifiable; he further suggested that one's response would provide an "estimate of a person's EQ" (Pfeiffer 2004 p. 138).
Please see sample question in Appendix B.
Salovey and Mayer incorporated a number of self-report measures in order to quantify EI. Their testing scheme incorporates tests they have developed, as well as those borrowed from other researchers, including:
The BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-on, 1996; Bar-on & Parker, 2000); the Style on the Perception of Affect Scale (Bernet, 1996); the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Taylor, Ryan & Bagby, 1985); the Emotional Control Questionnaire (Roger & Najarian, 1989) (Pfeiffer 2004, p. 138).
The BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version is a self-reported instrument designed to reveal abilities to understand self and others, relate to others, adapt to a changing environment and manage emotions (Pfeiffer 2004 p. 138). It uses a four-point Likert scale format; it also includes items outside the core continuum of EI constructs, including asking for assessments of how well the respondents understand hard questions, how easily they can understand new information and so on (Pfeiffer 2004 p. 138).
The Trait Meta-Mood Scale "is a 30-item self-report scale that measures attention to, and clarity of feelings, and mood repair" which these authors also believe relates to aspect of EI; this too uses a Likert scale for self-reporting (Pfeiffer 2004 p. 138).
One of the few EI tests that is not a self-report instrument is the Emotion Perception Test. This test:
Purports to measure emotional perception in colors, musical vignettes, sound intervals, and faces. Subjects are presented with various stimuli (visual images, musical excerpts, etc.) and asked to rate, again on a 5-point scale, their experience of the amount of emotion present in each stimulus, across six different emotion scales. The six emotion scales are happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust (Pfeiffer 2004 p. 138).
Despite these weavings together of various testing procedures already extant with some new ones testing limited facets of the enormous range that constitutes emotional intelligence, "At this time, there is no brief, objective, theoretically grounded measure of EI that enjoys acceptable reliability or validity" (Pfeiffer 2004 p. 138).
Obviously, there is a lag in theory and practice regarding EI, a factor that can have an impact on both education and work life. Sternberg & Kaufman (1998 p. 479+) suggest that, regardless of testing availability, "may wish to pay less attention to conventional notions of intelligence and more to what he terms successful intelligence, or the ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments to accomplish one's goals and those of one's society and culture" or arguably, one's career and organizational mission.
Conclusion
Because there is no single test or standardized battery of tests that can accurately measure emotional intelligence, as Pfeiffer noted, it is difficult to formulate recommendations. Nonetheless, training modules have been developed. Akers & Porter advise that organizations can help employees develop emotional competencies,...
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