Affirmative Action: Elements, Features, And Controversies
'Affirmative action', as we know it today, was first utilized by President Kennedy in an executive order directing contractors engaged by the federal government to see to it that applicants and employees were treated with no reference to their national origin, color, creed, or race (Nebraska Advisory Committee, 1979). Affirmative action collectively refers to those policies and actions meant to cushion historically-excluded and underrepresented groups from discrimination, especially in relation to education and employment (Nebraska Advisory Committee, 1979). In learning institutions, affirmative action refers to admission policies that offer minority groups equal access to education facilities. Though highly attractive in their original form, affirmative action programs have come under serious criticism, with critics accusing them of reverse discrimination, and equating them with quotas meant to artificially bring about proportional representation in the workforce.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaws all kinds of discrimination in the employment processes and terms/conditions of employment (USCCR, 2000). The prohibition covers employers who have at least 15 employees, with Section 703(a) terming it illegal practice for any such "employer to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin"(USCCR, 2000). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was set up and tasked with enforcing the provisions of the Civil Rights Act by investigating any suspected or alleged acts of employment discrimination (USCCR, 2000). Its jurisdiction encompasses labor organizations, educational institutions, employment agencies, private employers, and local, state and federal entities, and their subunits (USCCR, 2000).
Affirmative Action
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it illegal for those offering jobs to discriminate against job seekers and employees from minority groups. In other words, it accords equal employment opportunity to all. The USCCR (2000) defines equal employment opportunity as "the affirmative practice of affording identical employment opportunities for similarly qualified individuals" (n.pag). Affirmative action programs refer to the positive steps that set out equal employment opportunity...
Whiteness as a Non-Race Paradoxes of Whiteness History of Domination Problems of Whiteness Studies Me too ism" The study of Whiteness is fraught with controversy. While many theorists confuse Whiteness studies with studies on racism, other theorists believe Whiteness is a social reconstruction. This paper endeavors to explore the idea of Whiteness being a social reconstruction. Whiteness privileges will be identified as well as characteristics of Whiteness that allows it to continue to survive in
At the time of this report on October 27, 2010, the Brotherhood spoke out against boycotting the upcoming election, but projected a rather optimistic attitude towards resolving the conflict that confronted them. Still, in light of this optimistic attitude, they did not deny that it would oppose the anti-government in other ways (Arrott). Senior Brotherhood leader, Essam el-Eryan commented, "What is urgent and a priority is to change the
Corporate communications involves not just the message, but the idea that communications are managed, and are connected to corporate objectives (Cornelissen, 2004). Therefore, when communication possibilities were limited, corporate options were limited, and one did not see communications management perspectives that advocated the type of intimate connection between communications and corporate strategy that one sees in a modern context (Cornelissen, 2004). What this makes clear is that CC is
Diversity is increasingly becoming a serious HR issue for companies in the 21st century marketplace. Organizations have been forced to develop strategies for increasing the representation of minority groups and making their workplaces more favorable for them. General Mills was recently named one of the most inclusive companies in the world. This text examines the company's diversity program with the aim of determining what it does differently from competitors and
Clinical Psychology Dissertation - Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings An Abstract of a Dissertation Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings This study sets out to determine how dreams can be used in a therapeutic environment to discuss feelings from a dream, and how the therapist should engage the patient to discuss them to reveal the relevance of those feelings, in their present,
Behavioral Finance and Human Interaction a Study of the Decision-Making Processes Impacting Financial Markets Understanding the Stock Market Contrasting Financial Theories Flaws of the Efficient Market Hypothesis Financial Bubbles and Chaos The stock market's dominant theory, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) has been greatly criticized recently for its failure to account for human errors, heuristic bias, use of misinformation, psychological tendencies, in determining future expected performance and obtainable profits. Existing evidence indicates that past confidence in the
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