European Enlightenment revolves around the idea of freedom, of liberating people from false beliefs, false religion and from arbitrary authority (Hooker pp). Today the idea of liberation is common to international politics, yet the concept is rooted in Luther's idea of freedom (Hooker pp). By 1616, Cadinal Richelieu had risen through the ranks to become France's Secretary of State of foreign affairs and by 1924, had gone on to head the

When we look back at the rapid spread of the disease and the dramatic impact it had throughout Europe, we must remember that neither of these circumstances would have been possible without the existence of a well-established regional and intercontinental trade network. The disease quite literally used these routes to its own advantage, spreading quickly from one urban center to the next, killing tens of millions of people in

European History Quarterly, at least if its last three issues are an accurate guide, is a well-edited and well-written journal that focuses on a wide range of political and historical issues in Europe and the United Kingdom from the beginnings of the Renaissance through the present. (That is to say, the articles focus on the range of events within the historical sphere that is generally referred to as the

Ancient European History The image of the Greek philosopher, a man who addressed issues both of cosmic significance and of political moment, is embodied in Socrates, a man known largely by the writings about him from his students, such as Plato, and from the satire of him written by Aristophanes. The images of Socrates as presented by these two writers are quite different, with the student Plato reflecting admiration for Socrates,

Transition of the Role of Women in 19th Century European History The essays written by Sarah Stickney Ellis (an excerpt from her book "The Wives of England"- 1843) and Jeanne Deroin (excerpt from "Almanach des Femmos"- 1852) are two critical works that depict the role and function of women in the English society during the 19th century. These two critical essays are essential studies of how women's role in the

Germany was punished, rather than rehabilitated. Historic grievances still existed between many of the prevailing European powers, such as France and Germany. After World War I, the United States retreated to isolationism and did not provide either strength or a mediating force upon the warring European powers. During World War II, Europe was divided by war and the only unity that existed, such as the alliance between England, the