Abstract
Around the World and in the United States, actions have been taken to reduce, control and clean up the volume of Lead so that to prevent Lead-related illnesses among humans. Lead exposure is seen to affect a child’s development process and some behavioral aspects. The study seeks to determine the effect of indoor Lead exposure to children under the age of 12 years. This study undertakes a secondary desk-review research methodology to obtain knowledge from previous researches.
The study establishes that children are exposed to Lead through consumption of water at homestead or/and at the school where the drinking water is distributed through old Lead plumbing components. The reviewed literature also establishes that children under the age of 6 years exhibited a higher Blood Lead Level (BLL) compared to those above six years. Therefore children under 6 years are more susceptible to health effects than those above 6 years.
Health Effects of Indoor Lead Exposure in Children Aged Below 12 Years
Introduction
Lead (Lb) is a malleable, soft, and ductile metal in the scientific periodic table (Salisbury, pp. 25). As a metal, Lead has scientifically been established to be toxic and many of its uses have been discontinued and/or prohibited through lawful actions. It is however notable that there are areas where its use has continued and in some area, it is manufactured either legally or illegally. Some of its legal uses are owed to its malleability, softness, or conductivity to produce soldering wires, electric cables, electrical parts and shielding radiation (Morse, et. al., pp. 711). Lead is found deep in the earth’s crust and its extraction is through mining. The activities of extracting Lead for production purposes have been blamed to pollute the water resource as well as cause destruction to the ecosystem (Hanna-Attisha, pp. 285). Lead becomes harmful to humans once it is exposed to the environment through skin contact with dust containing Lead, the air humans breathe or water they consume (Hanna-Attisha, pp. 286).
Background
Health effects arising from indoor Lead exposers are majorly attributed to the reliance on old plumbing materials that release Lead as they begin to corrode. Requirements stipulated by the by the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act, require that all new homes built using Lead-free plumbing components. It is however notable that despite the efforts taken to cut down new exposure to Lead through water piping, nothing has been done to the old impoverished houses and institutions like schools and hospitals (Salisbury, pp. 29). This study notes the regulation on the use of Lead to manufacturing household plumbing components and the general manufacturing of Lead came into force between the early 1970s through to late l980s. The regulation is ideal to reduce the occurrence of Lead-related health effects, through exposure to Lead plumbing components.
According to (Hanna-Attisha, pp. 286), a higher risk of Lead poisoning is observed where the water stays for a long period of time without being used and then, it is consumed at a high rate. This scenario highlights the plight of old schools where Lead plumbing components were used during construction and no changes have been made. The study by...
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