Psychology
Effects of similarity on interpersonal attraction
The aim of the various researches carried out on how individuals interact and form either positive or negative relationships. To fully investigate these issues, Bryne (1961) highlighted the need to acquire knowledge about the various independent variables. Majorly, Bryne (1961) contends that the functional and physical distance influences interpersonal attraction and interactions in general. Another variable is the environment, which should be conducive to allow and encourage interaction and lastly, individual properties that stimulate responses from other individuals from other similar interactions they may have encountered previously. The main problem however that was been investigated by the various researchers aimed at finding out the impact of similar attitudes to attraction and the reasons for these impacts (Bryne, 1961, pg.713).
Two factors ultimately influence interpersonal attraction after the initial interaction has been established. These factors have been identified punishment and mutual reward. Therefore, attraction is encouraged when reciprocal rewards are present in any interactions whereas dislike can generally be associated with punishments. In other words, similarities or dissimilarities between individuals are the major determining factors to interpersonal attraction. The perception of a particular culture, therefore, sets standards about issues in their environment and whoever deviates from these standards is perceived to be immoral, uninformed or lacking intelligence. At the end of the day therefore, Bryne (1961) explains that when a person exhibits similarity in opinion with our set standards, this results to a reward interaction and positive relationships are formed. On the other hand, if an individual displays dissimilarities with our attitudes, a punishing interaction occurs leading to a negative relationship. Previous research on this theory revealed that friends tended to portray great similarities as compared to individuals who are not friends (Bryne, 1961, pg.713).
Batchelor and Tesser (1971) used a sample of 40 participants to investigate the effects that similar or dissimilar attitudes had on interpersonal attraction and the reason as to why these attitudes were being held. These participants were provided with information about other people including their attitude on various topics both similar and dissimilar. They were also given information as to why the other people held those attitudes based on their need for cognition, ego defensive, value expressive, utilitarian, and value expressive. The findings largely confirmed the hypotheses that had been assumed by the investigating team. Firstly, others who had similar attitudes were more attractive as compared to the similar others. Moreover, others who had been categorized as having value-expressive attitudes were also found to be most attractive whereas their counterparts who were categorized as having ego-defensive attitudes were least attractive. These findings revealed those individuals who portray value-expressive attitudes are liked more as compared to those who might express ego-defensive attitudes. It also becomes apparent that value-expressive individuals have attitudes that are culturally perceived as desirable whereas the ego-defensive individuals may be inconsistent, adjust poorly to the environment, lack self-insight or portray unfavorable attitudes as perceived culturally. In summary of the findings, the findings reveal that attitude similarity affected both attraction and also the reason why the attitude is held affects attraction (Batchelor & Tesser, 1971, pg.235).
Human beings, both male and female, always tend to be attracted to members of the opposite sex. To investigate this aspect, participants both male and female were expected to give their attitudes towards others of the opposite sex based on physical attractiveness. They were expected give their liking of others based on the level of physical attractiveness, high, medium or low and also for "similar, moderately similar or dissimilar attitudes" (Stroebe, Insko, Thompson, Layton, 1971, pg 82). Furthermore, they were expected to give their preferences as a marriage or dating partner or as a workmate. The results showed generally that participants' attraction was great to others who were physically attractive and those with similar attitudes as compared to those who were physically unattractive and had...
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