(Smitherman, 2000, p. 287) (Case Study 176) Motivation in education is a crucial aspect of success but it is often incongruent with social attitudes and with the actual educational environment one is exposed to. "Poor educational attainment and delinquency are often described as part of an 'oppositional youth culture' (Ogbu 1978)." (Sanders, 2002, p. 237) the oppositional youth culture that Betts experienced in St. Louis clearly demonstrates the extremes of cultural disenfranchisement. "Self-identity may be fluid, but the extent to which ethnic identity is optional varies by race." (Sanders, 2002, p. 237) Additionally the rigid manner in which Betts' mother and grandmother enforce broken English as reflective of his culture, is also evidence to the extreme disjointed nature of cultural diversity and disconnect. (Case Study 165) the reflection of the value of linguistic enforcement and the manner in which Betts must acclimatize his language to a given situation is a part of the oppositional aspects of his character. A certain level of culturally accepted language surrounds identity a proud African-American, and not someone who has, "sold out" his or her culture. Though Betts' main language is English, he Code Switches between that and an African-American dialect, from his mother's and grandmother's generations as well as youth cultural linguistics, heavy with slang. A it would appear that the distinction between code-switching and loans is of a 'more or less' and not an absolute nature......
If it is an innovation on the speaker's part, it is a code-switching. If it is frequently used in that community -- whether or not in free variation with a native element -- then it is at least on its way to becoming a loan. In short, a loan is a code-switch with a full-time job. (Myers-Scotton, 1993, p. 176)
Or finally, students may have insufficient motivation to put into practice what they have learned, such as fears of making a serious mistake. (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2003, p. 444) In the case of Jean she frequently failed because the motivation to achieve was undefined, and her inability to understand the connection between academic knowledge and achievement, through the modeling of her historical culture plagues her throughout her education. People in the
He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of its cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said:
Talisha was welcomed as a daughter by Barbara, even when the relationship was informal. Barbara intones while discussing the positive nature of Talisha and Nile's relationship as close and non-confrontational siblings that Talisha slept in Nile's crib before he did and that their bond is essential to Talisha feeling a part of the family. Talisha herself reiterates this when she discusses the manner in which herself and Nile partner
There were also more subtle apparent connections between Steven's relative inability, (especially in light of his intelligence in other areas), to recognize moral issues provided they do not involve lying, physically overpowering, or overtly stealing from others. As a child, Steven used to trick his peers about the relative quantity of ice cream or candy in packages to trick them into unfair (but voluntary) trades. As an adolescent, Steven became
Psychologists, especially Freudians, considered experiences undergone at the tender, early childhood age to be crucial to social, psychological and mental growth. Newer studies reveal that even late-childhood experiences are influential, capable of altering a child's developmental course. A majority of contemporary psychologists discuss sensitive, rather than critical, phases, which are phases when an individual is found to be particularly reactive towards or equipped to handle particular experiences. Hence, while childhood
A behavior resulting from injury or disease behavior resulting from experience behavior resulting from disease or drugs biologically determined behavior Evidence that learning has occurred is seen in published research studies changes in thinking changes in behavior emotional stability Change in performance is preceded by bad reviews scientific research the behavior of others change in disposition If-then statements may also be referred to as principles generalization hypothesis laws Statements which summarize relationships are restricted
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