The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of its cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that? (Kohlberg, 1963)."
Kohlberg was not interested so much in the answer to the question of whether Heinz was wrong or right, but in the reasoning for the participant's decision. The responses were then classified into various stages of reasoning"
Van Wagner, K).
Kohlberg's discovered stages were 6: Stage 1- Obedience and Punishment, Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange, Stage 3 - Interpersonal Relationships, Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order, Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights and Stage 6 - Universal Principles - "Kolhberg's final level of moral reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they have a conflict with laws and rules"
Van Wagner, K)..
His theory is dealing with moral thinking. But in real life theory remains a theory, we don't always do what it is supposed to be right, there are other criteria we are taking into consideration. Even so, Kohlberg stages are important for education, for his contribution in the possibility of categorizing the moral part in student's evolution.
Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who was involved into the development of education program for the Soviet Union. His new psychological approach has become the base of the social development theory of learning. Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and their culture and the interactions between their experiences.
Vygotsky's Social Development Theory rests on two main principles: the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The MKO refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. The MKO is normally thought of being a teacher, coach, or older adult, but the MKO could also be peers, a younger person, or even computers.
The Zone of Proximal Development is the place where a student can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboration that could not be achieved alone. Vygotsky claimed that learning occurred in this zone" (Mace, K., 2005).
After Vygotsky, the most important thing in learning is the interaction. Teachers are regarded not only as simple instructors, but mainly as collaborators in classes. They must guide their students and help them get the information, not merely pass the information. In education, interactivity must be encouraged and all the help that a student can get from his social environment is welcome.
Other factor that influence learning and teaching is the social and economic statute. This is very important because of the role it has on student's practical and social life. "Social and economic background describes an access to, and control over, wealth, prestige and power" (Sirin, S., 2003).
Students with a low economic statute are definitively different from the ones who have a high economic background. It is very important for a child, and even more for an adolescent, to know that he's having something to support him. Of course, moral support is very important too, but sometimes, without materialized support, children feel helpless.
That is influencing their motivation and automatically the learning...
33). Investigations conducted by Wheelok, Bebell, and Haney (2000) provide overwhelming proof that students derive very little, if any, benefit from high-stakes testing. Indeed, examining the self-portraits of students engaged in high-stakes testing show them to experience their environment in a way that makes them "anxious, angry, bored, pessimistic, and withdrawn" from the processes of learning and testing. Although almost nothing was positive in these assessments, older students were more
A behavior resulting from injury or disease behavior resulting from experience behavior resulting from disease or drugs biologically determined behavior Evidence that learning has occurred is seen in published research studies changes in thinking changes in behavior emotional stability Change in performance is preceded by bad reviews scientific research the behavior of others change in disposition If-then statements may also be referred to as principles generalization hypothesis laws Statements which summarize relationships are restricted
Psychology is considered to be an area of study that involves behavior. Behavior is demonstrated in a lot of diverse areas in the field of psychology. Some of these examples are mental illness, relationships, sexuality, depression, family dynamics, or culture. Accepting of behavior is picked up by various techniques and it could be from society or changes in individuals or the overall population. Psychologists look at various factors such as
The fact that getting back into these activities will remove the negative reinforcement of somebody else doing her job around the house might change her behavior and get her to move around much faster. As previously mentioned, all of these things that were mentioned are decided by an evaluation and a decision of the things that still motivate Dorothy's mother, assuming that she has not reached an age where she
This occurs when people experience feelings of terror and helplessness during a trauma and then has recurrent flashbacks, nightmares, impaired concentration and emotional numbing afterwards. Some victims of this disorder turn to alcohol or other drugs which do nothing accept compound the problem. It is thought that approximately 10% of Americans have had or will have this disorder at some point in their lifetime (Carpenter and Huffman, 2008). Since it
Educational Leadership in Latino Students Flow of Information: Introduction/Preliminary Lit Analysis Status of Performance of Latino Students Why Study Latinos? Why the Latino Performance is Low? How to change the situation? Los Angeles Specific Data/Information Increase & Improve Teacher/School Parent Communication Train the teachers - Development Improve Substitute Teaching Set High Expectations Latino Experience in Princeton Tracking of Students' Performance - Is it Right? Latino Para-Educator Vs Latino Student How do teacher expectations affect student outcomes? This study was intended to investigate whether teacher expectation of
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