,2002).
It is worth noting that the effective of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) with DDT or any other suitable alternative when compared with other control techniques for malaria ( such as impregnated bed nets as well as improved access to anti-malarial drugs) shows great variation and is dependent on the specific local conditions (Sadasivaiah, et al.,2007)
A study by the World Health Organization revealed that the mass distribution of the impregnated mosquito nets (insecticide treated) as well as artemisinin-based drugs led to a reduction in the number of deaths in Ethiopia and Rwanda, two countries which had a high level of malaria burden. The use of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) with DDT is noted to have not played a role in the reduction of mortality in these countries (WHO, 2008; Brown,2008)
Vietnam is also noted to be enjoying a decline in the number of malaria cases a fact which has resulted in a 97% reduction in the mortality rate after they abolished the use of DDT in their anti-malarial campaign to a program which is based on the prompt treatment, pyrethroid based insecticides as well as bed nets (WHO,2000).
In Mexico, there has been the adoption of affordable and yet effective chemical as well as non-chemical strategies for the control of malaria and their success leas to the shut down of various DDT manufacturing plants in Mexico due to a general lack of demand for DDT (IPEN,2008).
Discussions
Even though there has been a general increase in the number of malaria mortalities as a consequence of DDT ban, several other factors are noted to have played part in the rise in the number of cases. Goodman and Mills (1999) reviewed 14 studies on the effectiveness of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa that discussed insecticide-treated nets, chemoprophylaxis for the young children, residual spraying, intermittent treatment of the expectant mothers, hypothetical vaccine as well as changing frontline drug treatment. Their work indicated that the general lack of information lead to poor decision making on the cost as well as the outcomes of various interventions. Their work indicated that there is little data on the cost-effectiveness' of the various malaria control techniques. Lack of evidence on the effects as well as costs of the packages of measure were pointed out. The work indicated that the cost-effectiveness estimates of spraying DDT were never accurate and the obtained estimates were never good predictots of the level of cost-effectiveness of the existing programs.
Another study carried out in Thailand indicated that the cost per case of malaria prevention by means of DDT spraying method was 21% more than the cost per case of the prevented malaria by means of lambda-cyhalothrin -- treated nets (Kamolratanakul, et al.,2001).This cast a lot of doubt on the proposition that DDT is the most cost-effective method of preventing malaria. Similar results were obtained in Mexico when then director of Mexico's control program for malaria declared that it is close to twenty five percent cheaper to spray houses with pyrethroid-based sprays as opposed to DDT base ones.
As suggested by Corin and Weaver (2005), amore comprehensive approach of evaluating the cost-effectiveness as well as efficacy of a given malarial control program is multifactorial . This is because it should not just measure cost in monetary terms but also the total number of saved lives and the level of ecological damage as well as effects on human health. Corin and Weaver (2005) pointed out that the detriment nature of DDT to the environment and human health exceeds the beneficial decline in the cases of malaria. The benefits are noted just to be higher in an epidemic scenario.
Barat (2006) compared a total of four highly successful malarial control programs in Brazil, Vietnam, Eritrea and India indicated that non-of the programs endorsed a given single strategy. They however mentioned the various success factors that included; conducive conditions in a country, a targeted and yet technical approach that employed a package of highly effective tools, good leadership, community involvement, control of finances, decentralized form of implementation, technical as well a programmatic support from various a partner agencies a s well...
Kennedy announced the formation of a special government group to investigate the use and control of pesticides under the direction of the President's Science Advisory Committee (Rachel pp). The book caused a firestorm of public outrage and sold more than a quarter million copies by the end of 1962 (Rachel pp). United State Supreme Court Justice William Douglas called it "the most important chronicle of this century for the
As the eel gets closer to the ocean, the water of course becomes salty and there are new dangers (fishing nets) and unfamiliar eels in the water. But true to her style of providing readers with sidebar stories, the eel passes a clay cliff where "the first eels had come in from the sea eons ago" (p. 228). But Carson doesn't just stop there; there are "teeth, bones, and shells"
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson Rachel Carson's Silent Spring was published in 1962, 8 years before the birth of the Environmental Protection Agency and more than 50 years before the writing of this essay. At that time, there was little common knowledge about the sometimes terrible effects of chemicals on the environment, plants, animals and humans. Carson's unflinching, educated examination and explanation of these effects helped create a dramatic cultural movement
Silent Spring Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring is filled with a "hodgepodge of science and junk science," creating a "Disneyfied version of Eden," according to some modern reviewers (Tierney 2007). Such an embittered reaction to one of the most important works in ecology is unwarranted: especially in light of the fact that DDT is the chemical evil that Carson claims it to be and has been banned in most civilized
Rachel Carson's claim "for time is the essential ingredient; but in the modern world there is no time" (Carson 6) is meant to emphasize the fact that humanity has the tendency to ignore factors like the future and their general well-being. People in the contemporary society are obsessed with progress and some are willing to do everything in their power in order to make things happen faster. As a consequence,
Johnny Carson's primacy in the history of television cannot be understated. Carson's thirty-year stint as the host of NBC's Tonight Show from 1962 to 1992 remains the measuring-stick against which success in the American media must be measured. As Bill Carter -- a New York Times journalist who wrote the substantial history of the machinations and fiascos that ensued when Carson announced his retirement, and the effort to replace Carson
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now