Diabetes is caused by the body's inability to properly produce and handle insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease, with over one million new cases diagnosed in the United States every year (Pittas, Lau, Hu, & Dawson-Hughes, 2007, 2017). The effects of type 2 diabetes can be devastating, for the patient as well as society as a whole. Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure, nontraumatic lower-limb amputations, and new cases of adult blindness, as well as a major cause of heart disease and stroke and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, 2011). Besides the personal toll diabetes can exert on those afflicted, it is estimated that the disease costs the American healthcare system $174 billion a year, with only an estimated 25% of patients receiving the care necessary to treat and control the disease (Konrad, 2010). This staggering cost is the result of expensive treatments as well as the size of the patient population; it is estimated that 8.3% of the population, or 25.8 million people, are affected by diabetes (National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, 2011). Type 2 diabetes is more common in some populations than in others; these population groups include African-Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian-Americans, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, as well as the aged population (American Diabetes Association, 2012). Despite the elevated risk of developing the disease found in some populations, epidemiological data suggests that nine of ten cases of type 2 diabetes can be attributed to habits and other...
In this sense, type 2 diabetes is primarily a lifestyle disease, as it typically results from the health and nutrition choices of the patient, although family history and genetics increase one's vulnerability to development of the disease. In fact, up to 80% of type 2 diabetes cases in the United States can be prevented by three steps: smoking cessation, healthy diet, and regular exercise (Konrad, 2010).
Acceptable Recruitment Methods Acceptable Method of Selection of Controls Minimization of Bias Were the Confounders Accounted for in the Study Design Are the Results Believable Are They Applicable to Other Populations (Generalizable) Do the Results Fit with Available Evidence Jorde & Figenschau, 2009 Yes, as reflected from the title: Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D levels Yes, because patients with poor glycemic control were randomly assigned to control
Diabetes and Vitamin D Studies Evaluation Table Clearly Focused Issue Appropriate Method to Answer the Research Question Acceptable Recruitment Methods Acceptable Method of Selection of Controls Minimization of Bias Were the Confounders Accounted for in the Study Design Are the Results Believable Are They Applicable to Other Populations (Generalizable) Do the Results Fit with Available Evidence Witham et al., 2010 This is a follow-up study. The issue is whether patients with a vitamin D level of higher than 250 HD will gain
Sugar Substitutes SWEET BUT DEADLY? Health Concerns and Risks of Using Sugar Substitutes Sweets and sugar-sweetened pop or soft drinks have recently been blamed for an increasing number of negative health conditions, such as overweight and diabetes. This has led solid soft drink consumers to turn to artificially sweetened soft drinks as substitutes. The safety of artificial sweeteners or sugar substitutes has been questioned but the impact of high intakes of artificial sweeteners
"Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening metabolic problem caused by inability of the kidneys to excrete potassium, impairment of the mechanisms that move potassium from the circulation into the cells, or a combination of these factors "FN12. The article states that acute episodes of hyperkalemia are commonly triggered by the introduction of a medication affecting potassium, and that illnesses and dehydration can also be factors. The physician must also be
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