DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a complex giant molecule that contains, in chemically coded form, the information needed for a cell to make proteins (DNA Pp). DNA is a "ladderlike double-stranded nucleic acid that forms the basis of genetic inheritance in all organisms, except for a few viruses that have only RNA" (DNA Pp). DNA is organized into chromosomes, and, in organisms other than bacteria, is found only in the cell nucleus (DNA Pp). It is made up of two chains of nucleotide subunits, with each nucleotide containing a purine, (adenine or guanine), or pyrimidine (cytosine or thymine) base (DNA Pp). These bases link up with one another, the adenine links with thymine, and cytosine with guanine, to form base pairs that "connect the two strands of the DNA molecule like the rungs of a twisted ladder" (DNA Pp). The base sequence is preserved from generation to generation by the specific way in which the pairs form, thus, hereditary information is stored as a specific sequence of bases (DNA Pp). A set of three bases, called a codon, acts as a blueprint for the manufacture of a particular amino acid, the subunit of a protein molecule (DNA Pp). The meaning of each of the codons in the genetic code has been worked out by molecular geneticists, thus, codons are identified by the initial letters of the constituent bases, for example, "the base sequence of codon CAG is cytosine-adenine-guanine" (DNA Pp). There are four different bases, meaning that there must be "4 & #215; 4 & #215; 4 = 64 different codons"...
Generally, proteins are made up of only twenty different amino acids, therefore many amino acids have more than one codon, for example, "GGT, GGC, GGA and GGG all code for the same amino acid, glycine" (DNA Pp).
DNA Finger Printing Techniques to retrieve DNA and the development of DNA probes have come up and made it possible the matching of DNA molecules to other DNA molecules to serve purposes like identification. This process has been incorporated into what is known as DNA fingerprinting.DNA fingerprinting is therefore a test for identification and evaluation of genetic information i.e. ones DNA. This technique is referred to as a fingerprint because two
DNA The emergence of DNA testing has resulted in the exoneration of many people convicted of crimes. The ACLU (2011) has stated that 17 people on death row were exonerated as of September, 2011. A project in Virginia found 33 individuals convicted of sexual assaults who between 1973-1987 who were still incarcerated in 2012 and whose innocence was demonstrated by DNA testing (Michaels, 2012). DNA testing has proven effective at uncovering
DNA in Criminal Justice System DNA in the Criminal Justice System -- DNA as Evidence Justice and Science Sources of DNA at Crime Scene Evidence Collection DNA Evidence on Trial DNA Matching This paper addresses the use of DNA in criminal justice system. The research paper will cover the usage of DNA as evidence. The importance of DNA in any criminal case as forensic evidence will be discussed through case studies. The role of DNA in court
DNA The Structure and Nature of DNA DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the basic system upon which life on Earth is constructed. In a very real sense, DNA is a kind of program for life that cells use to replicate themselves and transmit information from generation to generation. Over eons, as life changes and adapts to new environmental conditions, that information is stored in the genetic code of all life on the
DNA Technology in Law and Public Policy The technologies of DNA science have revolutionized modern criminal law in every respect, from crime scene processing and case investigation to prosecutorial strategy and post-conviction appeals. The lightning speed of progress in the DNA sciences represents a public policy challenge to optimize its evidentiary value without violating established principles of constitutional protections, criminal procedure and statutory rules of evidence. Ultimately, projected developments in DNA
" The true significance of a strand of DNA is that it is sure to house all of the necessary information that is the blueprint or code for various aspect of the body that it represents. Consider that in the majority of organisms, genetics is established by the breeding of pairs of parents which results in an off-spring that has a combination of each of the parents' genetic codes. "Despite the
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