¶ … feminist theories: Criminology Critical theories of criminology are associated with the writings of Karl Marx. Marx viewed the entirety of human existence as a class struggle between the haves and the have-nots of the world. Marx viewed crime as a symptom of social injustice. "Crime in capitalist societies is often a rational response to the circumstances in which people find themselves" when they have no other recourse to feed their families (Chapter 6: Critical theories: Marxist, critical, and feminist, n.d., Sage: 94). The archetypical criminal-who-is-not-really-a-criminal in the eyes of such a criminologist might be Jean Valjean: a man whose family is starving to death, so he steals a loaf of bread. Similarly, if members of the underclass believe they have no potential social mobility or access to education, they may resort to selling drugs or petty theft as a way of getting some kind of...
Although Marx himself took a rather dismissive view of criminals, critical Marxist criminologists are often sympathetic to the so-called criminal class. The true crimes, they believe, are the crimes of social oppression perpetuated against disenfranchised groups. Quite often, the crimes of the 'haves' such as the bankers during the recent financial crisis, are overlooked, while the crimes of the 'have-nots' are severely punished and extenuating circumstances are ignored. The only way to address crime is to address poverty.1960's sociological theory was dominated by male experts, professors, students and professors. This did not extend only to individual experts in the field. Most persons involved with professional organizations and associations regarding were also predominantly male. During the 1960's the movement known as the "second wave" of feminism began to challenge this paradigm, with considerable success in terms of increased female memberships in organizations. The leadership roles of women
Is Feminist Theory an Independent Social Theory?IntroductionAs Ritzer (2011) notes, �a starting point of agreement among nearly all varieties of feminist theory is an understanding of gender as a social construction, something not emanating from nature but created by people as part of the processes of group life� (p. 455). This is an important point because it provides the framework or underlying fundamental principle of feminist theory: it is a
Great Gatsby -- a Theoretical Analysis The Great Gatsby is one of the legendary novels written in the history of American literature. The novel intends to shed light on the failure of American dream that poor can attain whatever he wants and emphasizes on the hardships presented by the strong forces of social segregation. In order to understand this novel, there are various theories which tend to be helpful in order
(Frazer 8) to this end she develops the categories of "affirmation" and "transformation." In understanding Frazer's view it is imperative to bear in mind that older regimes of theory cannot achieve the synthesis that she is looking for and that new and more creative modes of political and social theory are necessary. In essence what Fraser suggests is that in order to overcome this antimony between redistribution and recognition and
Hegemony In general Marxists tend to focus on the role of the mass media as being concerned with the proliferation of the status quo as opposed to pluralists who focus on the role of the media as one of promoting free speech. Marxists tend to view capitalistic societies as societies of class domination and the media is viewed as the arena where clashing views with the status quo are quashed. Control
Marxist ideas have also provided as a starting point for many of the modern feminist theorists. Despite these applications, Marxism of any variety is still a minority position among American sociologists (Conflict Theory, 2000). Marx's sociology state that: 1. Particular forms of property, slavery, feudal landholding, and capital are upheld by the coercive power of the state. Thus classes formed by property divisions, slaves and slave-owners, serfs and lords, capitalists and
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