" There was no exercise program provided, as the patients were unable to exercise without extreme difficulty.
The results showed that "three-quarters of participants who were compliant with therapy averaged a 4.6% loss in body fat and a 3.1 pound gain in lean body mass in 12 weeks (Jancin, 2001)." Researchers are hopeful this program will work for individuals who have not achieved results from a low-fat diet and exercise.
Diabetes
Overweight individuals have an increased risk of contracting diabetes. Some patients are now being diagnosed with 'pre-diabetes', which "indicates a partly elevated blood sugar level that will likely develop into full diabetes within 10 years if nothing is done to stop it. Scientists now have proof that something can: a healthy diet and exercise (Wahlberg)."
Although it has been known for quite a while that type 2 diabetes occurs gradually with weight gain, it was unknown until recent years if this trend could be diminished. Researchers found in 2002 that "diet, exercise and certain medications can slow or even reverse the progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes. That can prevent diabetes complications such as blindness, kidney disease and amputation (Wahlberg)." Doctors are using this study to compel their patients to diet and exercise. While some people realize they need to take better care of their health, the diagnosis of pre-diabetes often gives them extra incentive to eat a better diet and exercise.
In 2002, the "Diabetes Prevention Program study tracked 3,200 people with pre-diabetes. Those who exercised half an hour, five days a week, and lost 7% of their weight through a low-fat diet were 58% less likely to progress to diabetes after three years (Wahlberg)."
Age and Stress in Women
Middle aged women who gain weight do so due to stresses of life, and not necessarily because of consuming more food or exercising less. A psychologist in Chicago states that "under stress, people conserve more fat (Elias)." A study was conducted on "premenopausal women from their 40s through menopause, and information was gathered on their diet, exercise habits, smoking, menstrual periods and unhappy life events they had experienced in the past year (Elias)." After four years, the women who had experienced more stress found they had gained more weight than those less stressed. Researchers are quick to point out, however, that "this doesn't mean diet or exercise don't matter (Elias)."
It is felt that the additional weight was also contributed to the women's diets. When an individual is stressed, "they do not just crave carrots, but comfort foods that are high in fat and sugar (Elias)."
Exercise has been found to be a "great stress reliever. It not only reduces stress, but helps an individual lose weight, making it a two-for-one (Elias)."
Premonopausal Diet
As women get older, their chances of heart disease increase due to a number of factors including weight gain and LDL levels. A study found, however, that "middle-aged women can largely avoid menopausal weight gain and adverse lipid changes through premenopausal adoption of a low-fat diet coupled with moderate physical exercise (Jancin, 1999)."
The study of premenopausal women noted that those who had a change in LDL and did not experience weight gain had a noticeably decline in "not only coronary heart disease, but also breast and colon cancer. The women who had a mean age of 47 years were assisted in adopting a low-fat diet along with 3-4 hours per week of brisk walking or its equivalent. Dietary goals included intake of about 1,300 kcal/day with 25% of calories from fat, 7% from saturated fat, and 100 mg or less of cholesterol per day (Jancin, 1999)." The results showed that these women did not experience as great an increase in plasma glucose and triglycerides as those who did not participate in the diet and exercise program. The study proved that women are "not physiologically destined for cardiovascular disease once they reach menopause. Risk factors can be blunted significantly be feasible lifestyle modifications. Researchers feel that prevention is the key, and state it is much more difficult to treat obesity and high cholesterol once they occur (Jancin, 1999)."
After Menopause
After a woman goes through menopause, her estrogen levels are greatly reduced. Since "estrogen causes more fat to be stored in the hips, it is considered a double whammy, because they not only gain, but they gain in a more dangerous place. They go toward the male pattern in fat-storing (Elias)."
Exercise vs. Estrogen
Women who are postmenopausal find they are at a greater risk of heart disease, and studies have shown that "hormone...
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