¶ … Miniature Antennas for Biomedical Applications
Most of the studies on microwave antennas for medical applications have concentrated on generating hyperthermia for medical treatments and monitoring several physiological parameters. The types of antenna implanted depend of the location. Besides the medical therapy and diagnosis the telecommunications are considered as significant functions for implantable medical devices those needs to transmit diagnosis information. The design of the antennas catering to MEMS and NANO technology therefore should be smaller enough with cost effective, low power consumption etc.
Research is going on since long in the field of development of wireless interfaces for environmental and biomedical sensor devices. CMOS and RF MEMS circuits, miniature antennas and sensor networking are now being explored. Complete process involving such elements is developed and is being experimented. Wireless interfaces are now being devised for neural probes, cochlear implants and for development of other biomedical devices like arterial stent monitors etc. Further different techniques are being explored for development of moderate range, moderate rate, and wireless communication to environmental sensors. Research activities are being continued for development of wireless circuits on the basis of RF MEMS and nanometer CMOS.
The experimentation of low-power CMOS radios for the Zigbee 2.4GHz sensor network standard is now considered to as a medium term objective. Introduction of RF MEMS assures radical developments in terms of power efficiency of RF circuits. RF MEMS enhances the high-Q of micromechanical devices. The functioning of RF MEMS devices is presently considered closer to that of off-chip quartz components. There are explorations of the circuit and process techniques that make possible the integration of RF MEMS and CMOS wireless circuits, along with signal processing and miniature antennas. Further activities are involved in the development of many projects for devising the many devices involving such techniques and for developing a low power wireless receiver for sensor applications. (Wireless Interfaces)
Discussion
The applications like home automation, industrial control and biomedical and environmental sensors necessitate low-power transceivers for short distance and low data rate wireless communications. Currently, the IEEE 802.15.4 standards body has prescribed a wireless communication standard that is beneficial for such applications. A project was undertaken by Wireless Interfaces Thrust for development of a transceiver design for low power wireless sensor networks. The objective of this project was to develop a low-power and cost effective receiver IC that is in compliance to such standards. Such a receiver has its application in the sphere of the environmental test-bed platform that is under development in the WIMS ERC. Such project had the motive of enquiring efficient power receivers and data telemetry circuits. This was significant for the applicability and dependability of both environmental sensors and implanted sensors. This involved implementation of two prototype transponders in 0.25µm TSMC CMOS.
The performance of entire transponder was monitored. The refinements in respect of designs were going on for a final generation of the transceiver that will incorporate on-chip data processing. The application of standard CMOS refers that the circuitry is well-matched with the broadest range of sensors and systems. This project was sponsored by the Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation. Another project was undergoing for development of low power transmitter for Sensor Networks. The objective of this research was to devise a wireless transmitter for a low power sensor node compliant with IEEE 802.15.4- Zigbee Wireless standard. It concentrates on the low power, small area device for a remote sensor. Till now, the primary concentration of the wireless industry was on communication with high data throughput. This however, has ignored a wide range of applications like remote sensors that necessitated simple wireless connectivity with relaxed throughput and latency. (Wireless Interfaces)
Such transmitter architecture functions direct modulation with variation of a phase-locked loop -- PLL divide ratio. Any of the frequencies between the two or more divider ratios can be selected. With a view to ensure an effective application in neural prostheses with larger number of stimulating sites a wireless neural stimulating micro-system has been developed. Such micro-system can effectively utilized in applications like auditory, visual, spinal cord, and deep brain stimulation prostheses to restore peripheral and central nervous system. The objective is to develop a modular 1024-site wireless 3-D micro-stimulating array with 128 simultaneous stimulating channels, each capable of sourcing ±100A. The project applies full integration, new current driver circuits, low power circuitry, and novel modulation/demodulation techniques for the purpose of low power high rate data transfer.
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