Verified Document

Dependent Variable And Number Research Paper

Related Topics:

Memory Recall Author(s) First, Middle Initial (if applicable) and Last Name(s) in Starting with the Individual who Made the Biggest Contribution (not alphabetical)

This study examines the difference that categorization makes in memory recall exercises. It uses students from Queens College in an experiment in which categorized words are read aloud to one group and random words read aloud to a second group. The groups are then scored according to how many words they can recall correctly. The findings indicate that categorization makes a difference as the first group recalled more words correctly than the second group after two trials were conducted. Limitations are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

Memory Recall

What is memory? Memory consists of long-term and short-term recollections; it is a temporary store that has limited capacity. Today, scientists are still testing memory in efforts to better understand how it works and what it is capable of doing.

This study examines the outcome of an experiment based on memory recall. The phenomenon of memory recall is typically measured by providing cues and then recording the extent to which participants are able to recall data. As Lewis (1971) notes, "presentation affects item organization in memory storage, and a cue is effective along a certain dimension only if information is stored in that dimension" (p. 131). This means that memory recall is facilitated by a relationship between information and cues that are entwined together within a specific dimension relevant to the act of recall. Or, in other words, categorization matters in recall. Other variables that could potentially impact the outcome of recall are stimuli, such as sensory material (auditory, smell, taste, touch, etc.), surroundings (environment), and personal ability (habit) (Miller, 1956).

Miller's (1956) study identified the number seven as having a "Pythagorean" significance with regard to recalling items -- as evidenced...

96). Miller's findings indicated that integers themselves have a special resonance within the mind allowing individuals to recall items if they fit within a specific numerical category. Miller also discussed taste, pitch, loudness, etc. as variables.
Lewis (1971) examined the difference between cued and non-cued lists and their effect on memory. Categorization helps to facilitate memory according to the study but in random lists there is no significant difference in total recall between cued and non-cued.

Dong (1972), likewise, examined the recall of words, using cues (category names) and partial cuing and found that there was no significant statistical difference between cued and random categories used in recall ability.

Reddy and Bellezza (1986) studied the effect of mnemonic devices on recall, using 6 categories of 7 words each and noted that mnemonic devices did not help with free recall. They did conclude that categorized recall performed better than random recall.

This present study examines the effect of categorization on recall and its purpose is to examine the extent to which categorization impacts a person's ability to recollect information. This study builds on the work of previous studies -- namely those by Dong (1972), Reddy and Bellezz (1986), by exploring the relationship between categorization and memory. The hypothesis used in this study is that categorization will help individuals to have better recall than non-categorization.

Method

Participants

Participants in the study consisted of 14 Queens College students (3 males and 11 females). Ages ranged from 20 to 32 years old, with the mean age being 24.62. Participants demonstrated no memory defects…

Sources used in this document:
References

Dong, T. (1972). Cued partial recall of categorized words. Journal of Experimental

Psychology, 93(1): 123-129.

Lewis, M. (1971). Categorized lists and cued recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology,

87(1): 129-131.
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Dependent Variable and Pain
Words: 650 Length: 2 Document Type: Research Proposal

Ameen Masoudi Combination Therapeutic Exercises with Manipulation for Reliving Pain and Increasing Range of Motion for Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain The lumbar spine is composed of the vertebrae as well as the ligaments beside the discs, nerves and muscles. This area is a common source of pain. This is one of reasons why people visit their physicians. Around seventy percent of people who live in advanced countries will have lower back pain

Dependent Variables and Nurses
Words: 818 Length: 3 Document Type: Data Analysis Chapter

Carroll, J.S., Williams, M. & Gallivan, T.M. (2012). The ins and outs of change of shift handoffs between nurses: A communication challenge. BMJ Qual Saf (2012). doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000614 Shift handoffs can be used as benchmarks to assess quality of communications among healthcare staff. Because communication overall is critical to quality of care, it is important to understand the factors that can improve shift handoff efficiency. Shift handoffs involve both technical communication and

Dependent Variable and Coffee
Words: 417 Length: 2 Document Type: Data Analysis Chapter

Nonparametric Analysis of Data Set The datasets consist of the following variables: • Sub_num • Gender • Major • Coffee, and • Num_cups. The datasets are used for the nonparametric analysis to investigate whether the choices of college majors are different between males and female's individuals. The analysis is carried out with the chi-square test and the document presents the output as follows: Gender * Major Cross-tabulation Count Major Total Gender Total Chi-Square Tests Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases The minimum

Variables Impacting Internal Validity in Program Evaluation
Words: 823 Length: 2 Document Type: Case Study

Internal Validity Is maturation a possible threat to the internal validity of the study? Why or why not? For measures of academic achievement, six months (which is the intended length of the study) is not a long enough period of time to be very concerned about maturation as a threat to internal validity. Most academic achievement tests have longer durations. Maturation is something to be considered because of the varying ages of

Independent and Dependent Variables in
Words: 314 Length: 1 Document Type: Term Paper

If the numbers or the data will not be constant, the results will not be paralleled and will surely have discrepancy on its accuracy. Meanwhile, experimenter bias is a big threat to the accuracy and/or precision of the report's result. An example of the threat is not being able to identify all the factors that might affect the result. An experiment can be said biased if he/she has already an

Values of the Dependent Variable
Words: 641 Length: 2 Document Type: A2 Coursework

To investigate these, each explanatory variable can be used in isolation to determine their specific impact upon the crime rate. The research can be conducted by first conducting an investigation of existing literature and statistics to determine the likelihood of each variable. Values can then be assigned to each variable to indicate the greatest to least likelihood. Qualitative research can then be conducted regarding the greatest likelihood of each explanatory variable.

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now