Ginzburg and Davis A Look into Microhistory

Thanks to notable figures like Carlo Ginzburg when he first emerged onto to the scene in the mid-1970's, micro-history has seen long-lasting popularity. The 1970's heralded the emergence of micro-history as it coincided with post-modernism, another historiographical development, a period that deeply challenged the profession and brought it to another intellectual level of exploration. Since micro-history relies on narrative, there are no historian-driven "Why?" questions, making it easy for post-modernists to test drive their modes of thought. While Le Roy Laduries Montaillou represents one aspect of micro-history, Davis's Return of Martin Guerre helped provide new insight into a popular story by applying her own critical lens into the narrative. With Ginzburg own contribution, The Cheese and The Worms, creating the framework with which other microhistories were and are written, micro-history became what some would say is the middleman" of fiction and historical writing as seen in present microhistory authors and their own interpretations of history.

Microhistory or micro-history, is an intensive historical examination often of an individual, a single event, or a community that historians display in a form that is interesting to read and provides insight into what happened. The original concept of microhistory and writing microhistory originated in Italy, during the 1970's. It is a mix of cultural history, which Ginzburg's The Cheese and the Worms displays, and social history. While Ginzburg may not be the first person to pioneer microhistories, his work made micro-history gain traction.

The Cheese and the Worms or seen as seen in the original Italian translation, Il formaggio e I vermi is an important and notable scholarly work by Caro Ginzburg, a famous Italian historian. Many see the book as a wonderful example of microhistory and cultural history, providing the framework with which other writers can portray their versions of historical events. In order to see how great its contribution has been to micro-history and history in general, it is important to see who the book examined and what information was revealed from the narrative.

The book observes the world-view and beliefs of Domenico Scandella or also known as Menocchio. Menocchio was from the village of Montereale, and worked as an Italian miller. He earned the title of heresiarch as he gained a reputation for teaching philosophy. Although he helped educate and inspire, he led a tragic end in 1599 at age 67, when he was burned at the stake on the order of then Pope Clement VIII.

When some books were loaned to Menocchio, his interpretation of the text could have provided the motivations that would lead to his execution for preaching unorthodox ideas. The narrative focuses in the beginning on the preliminary questioning Menocchio endured and his desire to speak freely as he believed he was innocent. "I have said that in my opinion, all was chaos, that is, earth, air, water, and fire were mixed together; and out of that bulk a mass formed-just as cheese is made out of milk- and worms appeared in it, and these were the angels." [footnoteRef:1] It was through this mixture of objective facts and subjective interpretation that Ginzburg managed to provide readers not just with entertaining literature, with actual information from the events that took place at that time. [1: Ginzburg, Carlo. 1980. The Cheese And The Worms. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.]

Research is an important aspect of micro-history. However, it is not the only aspect. Historians that document or collect information from the past tend to simply write down the dates and details, not giving any look into how the person or event shaped the world at the time nor how the person examined may have felt. Microhistory does that in that, it gives a deeper look into a period or person in history that makes one examine it even more and ignites the curiosity within. While critics of micro-history say the examination of the topic of person does not go as in depth as needed, in actuality, the manner of which the examination goes about in the narrative is all individual and hard to determine within a standard context. What is generally found in most micro-history narratives is that there is added emphasis and importance on contextualization.

What is contextualization? Contextualization is the placing of small units of study within a broader context. Contextualization is the "bread and butter" of micro-histories and without it, microhistorical studies would be deemed to have little significance and meaning. Contextualization is what keeps micro-histories from existing as mere works of fiction and puts in the realm closer to empirical scholarship.

It is very important that micro-history has gained the traction it has thanks to Ginzburg and other historians like Davis. It is because...

When writers of micro-histories highlight a person of interest or event, they bring it to life and add a level of intrigue that empirical scholarship cannot. As many have noted in their own research and writings, history as it is, is not as interesting as its interpretation. "Do we mean the old-fashioned high school history with lots of dates and battles, biographies that detail who had tea with whom, Whiggish history, strict historicism, Marxist history, or even Foucauldian genealogy?" [footnoteRef:2] That is why books like The Cheese and The Worms made not only Ginzburg a well-known historian, but also catapulted micro-history into the academic world. [2: Lyons, Andrew P. 2012. "Historical Anthropology And Anthropological History Andrewwillford And Erictagliacozzo, Eds. Clio/Anthropos: Exploring The Boundaries Between History And Anthropology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009, Vi + 306 Pp, Chapter Notes And Bibliographie." Anthropology And Humanism 37 (2): 256-259. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1409.2012.01135.x.]
Going back into research and the approach historians take when developing micro-histories, the work is grounded similarly in the same principle as seen in the qualitative approach. Meaning, the pursuit of a small unit such as an individual can reflect the larger whole. This is the opposite of traditional historical research as a quantitative approach is more actively pursued. Things like historical demography, are often more important to traditional history writing versus the effect/significance of a person/event/community to society and so forth.

Ginzburg's heretic, Menocchio and his tragic end at the hands of the then Pope shows how Menoccio's behavior and philosophy helped play a role in how society and the powers in place at the time saw him. Microhistorians like Ginzburg thus try to recreate the relationship between the people involved and the source text or information provided by historical accounts. This can be seen as the concept of normal exceptions.

People like Ginzburg attempt to see history not just within a single light, but in many so that readers can understand and interpret the person/event/community in a way that is clearer and more thought provoking. As one article states, the various ways in which Ginzburg attempts to master a subject and then move onto another provides a plethora of wells of knowledge historians like Ginzburg can dip into, to write compelling and significant literature. "Threads and Traces: True False Fictive, Ginzburg's latest collection of translated essays on historiography and historical method, abounds in references to philisophers from Plato to Wittfenstein, anthropologists from Lafitau to Geertz, and literary figures from Home to Prost." [footnoteRef:3] [3: Thomas, Keith. 2015. "Historians And Storytellers." Common Knowledge 20 (1): 9-10. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/common_knowledge/v020/20.1.thomas.html.]

This variety allows microhistory to have a connection with and perhaps proliferate postmodernism. Postmodernism is a movement in the late 20th century that focuses on skeptical interpretations on architecture, the arts, and criticisms. It is seen as a movement that deconstructs various aspects of society like fiction and history (more specific examples), that gives a new meaning and provides a new context for the observer. That is why postmodernism and microhistory share such similar audiences. Microhistories seek to change the historical account into a historical narrative, deconstructing what was there, into something that can challenge the very nature of the meaning behind the facts and give light into a different interpretation.

Going back to the 1920's postmodernism was used as a term to describe new forms of music and art. Micro-history is a new form of history as it was spearheaded by Ginzburg in the 1970's. Perhaps postmodernism and microhistory fuel each other as the ne interpretations of microhistorians give rise to a keener interest in the criticisms and observations in postmodernism. The kind of radical narrativism seen in microhistories provides microhistorians a mode in which to operate with language instead of just quantitative aspects that detract from the possible reality of the subject.

Exploring the contribution of Natalie Zemon Davis, Ginzburg wrote the introduction for Davis's Return of Martin Guerre, prompting him to re-evaluate the position of the historian and the interpretation of history. [footnoteRef:4] Davis in turn also gave insight into not just the exploration of history through narrative but also how such exploration could contribute to overall knowledge of a subject. "Knowing about Martin Guerre brings understanding of the peasant world, which is also important for the trajectory of Luther's Reformation. Knowing about Martin Luther…