This integration is critically important to ensure that the applications created can be effectively used over time and not have any scalability issues. There is also the need for designing the databases at the presentation layer to provide for scalability and flexibility of being able to create applications relatively quickly at the portal level. This is especially important from a Business Process Management (BPM) standpoint as databases must be able to support the various process workflows as defined as part of business process re-engineering efforts over time. There is also the need from a design standpoint to have a continued development initiative going to capture user needs over time and include them into the next generation of database updates. The use of councils to create update plans and define the future direction of applications is critically important from a design perspective.
Database Performance
There are common measure of SPEC Marks is often used for benchmarking the performance of databases being offered by software vendors. The use of internally defined key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics of performance that show the relative loads on a database application is critical for DBAs to understand the scalability factors of databases over time (Guynes, Pelley, 1993). This focus on performance needs to be evolutionary as well, seeking continual improvement over time (Zdonik, 2008). For the role of the DBA, the ability to quickly define KPIs, test them for their relevancy, and then include them in a broader set of metrics as part of a dashboard is essential to measuring the scalability of systems as well. The aspects of database performance also must be tied to the integration testing of applications, hardware platforms and the performance of APIs over time in terms of connection to databases with each other and continually testing their performance. The scalability of integration is also critically important, and the DBA, as the hand-built connectors and adapters must be tested to ensure they can manage the traffic generated from inter-database and intra-data transactions over time (Winkler, Seip, 2006).
Database Data Integrity and Availability
The use of approaches and methodologies to ensure a high level of data integrity and availability are based on both hardware and software-based technologies. From a hardware standpoint, the combining of Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) technologies, combining with software partitioning and the use of fall-back and redundancy algorithms to back up databases by the record, file or entire structure (Son, Choe, 1988). Data integrity is preserved through the use of Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) and Error Correction (ECC), in addition to the concept of ACID compliance, which is explained in detail later in this paper. These approaches and methodologies also matter from a data availability perspective as well, as the logical structure of databases across multiple physical locations ensures data redundancy. For the DBA the choice of which approach to choose is critically important. The selection of a fail-safe RAID-based approach is costly yet preserves data entirely and can be configured to do selective backups over time. The combining of these systems with CRC and ECC based approaches to data integrity and availability is the essence of how databases systems at the enterprise level are made fault-tolerant.
Database Security
When many IT professionals consider the concept of database security, the overall perception is more about passwords usage and complexity than about the architectural elements so critical to keep any database secure. Beyond authentication processes and logic workflows at the presentation layer of database hierarchical models, the development of an architectural layer of security at the process management and integration layer of a database is critical (Jajodia, 1996). This translates into the ability to define role-based and information asset-based security through XML-based messaging protocols secured to 256 bits or higher (Iwaihara, Hayashi, Chatvichienchai, Anutariya, Wuwongse, 2007). Central to these process-based and asset-specific security controls is the ability to define more stringent Authentication and Access Control processes and systems. In conjunction with this approach to security there is also increasing focus, especially in DBMS systems from Microsoft, IBM and Oracle in the concept of each specific transaction within a database being ACID compliant. Additional areas of coverage in this analysis include database connection and security, the use of encryption and server security approaches and strategies.
Contrary to the common perception of authentication, there is much more to the securing of access to any database than the use of passwords or even biometrics. Databases need to take into account...
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