Because these issues have become more pronounced in recent years, it is not surprising that efforts have been made to define these differences in an effort to measure them. In this regard, Hofstede (1980) identified five basic dimensions of culture as follows:
1. Power distance (focusing on the extent to which the less powerful expect and accept that power is distributed unequally);
2. Individualism-collectivism (focusing on the degree to which the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships -- highly individualist cultures believe individual is the most important unit, whereas highly collectivistic cultures believe group is the most important unit);
3. Uncertainly avoidance (focusing on the degree to which the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, uncertainty and ambiguity within the society)
4. Masculinity-femininity (focusing on the extent to which a society emphasizes achievement or nurturing -- masculinity emphasizes ambition, acquisition of wealth, and differentiated gender roles, whereas femininity stresses caring and nurturing behaviors, sexual equality, environmental awareness, and more fluid gender roles); and,
5. Confucian-dynamism (focusing on the selective promotion of a particular set of ethics found in Confucian teachings including thrift, perseverance, a sense of shame, and following a hierarchy) (cited in Nicholson, Sarker, Sarker & Valacich, 2007).
These cultural dimensions provide a general framework in which ethnic, cultural and gender-related differences can manifest in the workplace, but there is a consensus that there is no "one-size-fits-all"...
Behavior and Bias in Access Two-thirds of all students receiving special education in the United States are boys and gender-based behavioral differences and gender bias are behind it (Rousso, 2003). Girls need to show more significant levels of disability than boys to receive service. When they do, they are assigned to more restrictive educational environments than boys. All available data show that women and girls with disabilities do not do as
The Impact of Gender Differences on Social Performance in Saudi Arabia: A Mixed-Method Empirical StudyAbstractToday, the citizens of the oil-rich Kingdom of Saudi Arabia enjoy numerous benefits, including a wide range of social services that make the country the envy of its neighbors and much of the rest of the world. Nevertheless, as the custodian of two of Islam�s most important pilgrimage sites and a population that is comprised of
I'm quite independent now and do not plan on showing differences between my children when I have them. My brothers both worked on outside chores, and I had to help my mother around the house. I had to make meals, clean the house and do other "womanly" things. My brothers worked with my father in the garage and barn, fixing up the car and equipment. They also got to spend
Cultural and Ethnic Differences The Importance of Understanding Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Differences by Managers and Professionals in a Business Setting. The proceeding essay explains the role managers can play in managing cultural, ethnic and gender diversity in an organization and why it is important for the managers to understand it in a professional environment. The Importance of Understanding Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Differences by Managers and Professionals in a Business Setting. It is
Body One important aspect that has to be handled while studying gender inequalities is the intermingling of the words sex and gender. The two words, sex and gender are usually intermingled in numerous formats of studies especially in many health studies. The main distinction between the realities of the two words within the social concept of gender is that sex mainly revolves around the physical and biological aspects of the individual
"Culturally different clients are clients who racial, ethnic, gender, socioeconomic, and/or religious backgrounds and/or identities are different from the healthcare professional or student…[healthcare students must learn cultural competence] so that quality outcomes indicators such as enhanced client satisfaction and positive health outcomes may be achieved." (Jeffreys, p. 24) Nursing is definitely not the only profession demanding cultural competence; it has also become an important part of skills required of a
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