Affective adaption to cultural changes, albeit depends upon available information; essential to the leadership decision-making (Kontoghiorghes & Hansen, 2004). If leaders of multinational companies better understand the challenges and impact of culture and diversity in global markets, they may use the information to improve planning and global decision-making (Lip*****z & Mann, 2005). Ultimately, improving decision-making may help promote effective cultural communication, and build effective global business relations.
NATURE of the STUDY
Research Design Synopsis
As referred to earlier in this proposal, rather than comparing identified groups of people, qualitative studies propose to develop ideas and theories regarding human experience(s). The following five qualitative research methods denote the options the researcher considered for the proposed study:
Ethnographic:
Case Study:
Phenomenological:
Hermeneutic:
Heuristic. (Research Methodology, N.d., pp. 3- 6)
Five Qualitative Research Methods
In Ethnographic research methodology, the researcher attempts to fully describe a culture or social group in a complex manner through immersion with the group at a personal level. Ethnographic research methodology, which evolved in anthropology and sociology, involves the researcher entering into the field, completing fieldwork, gathering information through direct observation, interviews, photographs, and utilzing materials and artifacts available to members of the group or culture. This frequently informal method may appear unsystematic, however as the researcher observes events as they arise, over time previously apparently obtuse things may become clear. Researchers strive to locate key informants who may direct them toward filling their research needs, or they may choose those in the sample group deemed to be appropriate members of the group, creating "judgmental sampling." Ultimately, the researcher organizes the data into a portrait to convey a holistic cultural impression. (Research Methodology, N.d.).
The utilization of case study research methodology, with roots similar to ethnographic studies, also developed in anthropology and sociology fields. Contrary to ethnographies that study entire social systems or cultures, albeit case studies traditionally focus on smaller units such as an individual or a specific program. In case studies, an exploration over time through detailed, in-depth data collection, it proves vital to clarify the rationale behind the choice of the case being studied. This is known as purposeful sampling, as the researcher collects data through observations, interviews, documents, audio-visual material, artifacts, or archival records. The researcher contextualizes case studies within their physical, historical, and socio-economic setting (Research Methodology, N.d.).
Phenomenological research, as noted earlier in the Purpose Statement section of this proposal, the researcher's choice for the proposed study's research methodology is both experiential and qualitative. In this type study, the researcher's detachment is important. The focus in phenomenological research is not on describing the experience of one person in a more total manner, but generally more on a particular aspect of human experience as it occurs in several people. Attaining immediacy also proves significant in this research approach (Research Methodology, N.d.).
When/if the researcher conducts interviews, he/she chooses participants for their close involvement with the subject being studied. The subjects themselves, nevertheless do not serve as the primary focus in the process of descriptive analysis. Instead, phenomenological research attempts to engage with the essence of the experience. The researcher attempts to find the meaning of the experience, as well as seek general and more universal meanings from the explorations. Phenomenological research permits the researcher to arrive at more definitive conclusions than attainable though heuristic research methodology (Research Methodology, N.d.).
Hermeneutic research received its name from Hermes, the reported Greek god of communication. In traditional hermeneutics, the researcher searches for meaning in and between different contexts including texts, stories individuals relate about themselves, films, and art. Through exploring one relationship to another, hermeneutic methodology places concepts in dialogue to search for deeper meaning. It also involves the comparative study of various source materials. Theoretical theses utilize hermeneutic methodology, and may frequently focus on philosophical questions concerned with rational structures, organizing principles, as well as the nature of the relationship existing between the researcher and the researched. Theoretical theses may also assess existing theories, or propose new theories.
Robert Romanyshyn proposed alchemical hermeneutics, a new research framework which posits research chooses the researchers rather than, the other way around; noted in traditional hermeneutics (Research Methodology, N.d.).
Instead of encouraging detachment, heuristic research encourages relationship and connectedness. In heuristic research, the researcher examines a particular phenomenon in person; over time. The approach, more autobiographical than in phenomenological research, seeks immediacy and meaning for the individual. The researcher then synthesizes the experience, and records (writes/types) the structure and meaning of the entire study. Whatever presents itself to the...
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