Cultural Diversity and Nursing Using Leininger Model
The concept of trans-cultural nursing came from Leininger and the principal goal was put as being to provide culturally specific care. The difficulties of this can be understood only when an individual understands the concepts behind 'culture, cultural values, culturally diverse nursing care, ethnocentrism, race and ethnography'. (The Basic Concepts of Trans-cultural Nursing) The definition given by Leininger was "A humanistic and scientific area of formal study and practice in nursing which is focused upon differences and similarities among cultures with respect to human care, health, and illness based upon the people's cultural values, beliefs, and practices, and to use this knowledge to provide cultural specific or culturally congruent nursing care to people." (The Basic Concepts of Trans-cultural Nursing) In this context it is important to know the parts of human life that we are referring to.
Culture is the norms and practices of a specific group of human beings that are learned and influence their thinking, decisions and activities. Culture values provide the guidance for acting in particular situations. Culturally diverse nursing care refers to an optimal mode of providing health care and this requires taking care of the cultural values, beliefs and practices of the person inclusive of sensitivity to the form that humans may come and return at the end of life. Ethnocentrism is what makes us believe that our way is the best in dealing with the world, and this is the standard to which all are measured. The term ethnic refers to identification of human groups and is made according to common traits or customs. Race is any of the various modes of human varieties that were thought to exist and cause differences in different humans. (The Basic Concepts of Trans-cultural Nursing)
The concerned patient was an individual from Saudi Arabia who had come for treatment of his lungs to United States. He was aged about 50 years and a member of the royal family in some way. The greatest difficulty in dealing with all individuals from Saudi Arabia is their strict insistence on religion. There is no freedom of religion there and all citizens have to be Muslims, and the practice of all other religions is prohibited. The legitimacy of the government is on governance according to the very conservative and strict interpretation of the Wahhabi school of Sunni Muslims and even acts against all other branches of Islam. The legal system is based on Sharia or Islamic law and those are claimed to have come from the Quran. The only national holidays that are observed in Saudi Arabia are the two Eids. (Encyclopedia: Status of religious freedom in Saudi Arabia)
One of the most powerful groups is the Muttawain or Religious Police. Any individual wearing any non-Muslim religious symbols is at risk. In 2001 there was an arrest of 14 Christians and imprisoned for conducting public worship services. There have been arrests even for worshipping in houses. This police make sure that all shops are closed during the periods of five daily prayers that they have and make sure that all individuals conform to the prescribed dress codes. (Encyclopedia: Status of religious freedom in Saudi Arabia) The problem is thus mainly in the conflict between his religion and the methods of treatment that have to be followed in United States. Apart from this, it may be understood that the person considered all non-Muslims to be inferior so far as being humans. Since he had not left Saudi earlier, this was a fixed concept in him.
The first question in nursing such a person who probably had a great knowledge of his religion was to fix up my own knowledge of his religion so that I did not end up hurting him inadvertently through my lack of knowledge of his religion. One of the main objectives of nurses to keep the patients in a happy condition as that would make them worry less about the disease. To achieve this, I also had to ask him what his thoughts and worries were. According to him, social relations with relatives, friends and the persons attending to them had become very crucial to him. He was not only concerned with his own personal nausea and irritability, and at the same time, he did not want to be a burden to the family and friends. Not being a burden to the family was very important...
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