Crisis Management on 911
Summary of the Case
The real-time response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11 was chaotic. There were multiple problems concerning issues such as communication flows, equipment, and chains of authority. Key agencies such as the FAA were not brought into the meetings quickly enough. Key pieces of information were known to some players, but were not transmitted to all key players effectively. The NMCC and the White House did not appear to be working together to coordinate a response. In general, the response was not organized, and this resulted in a slower and less effective response.
There were several specific errors that weakened the response. The first airplane was misidentified as a twin-engine plane, leading to speculation that the first crash was an accident. The NMCC did not discuss the scrambling of jets even after it knew that the first plane had been hijacked. The wrong officials were on the conference calls -- or none at all. There were two simultaneous calls, creating confusion with respect to chain of command. All the stakeholders were therefore not on the same call at the same time, during the critical early response phase. The FAA in particular had bad information or none at all, so could not lend much help to the process. It had not been identified that the final plane, United 93, had been hijacked until after it had crashed, and there were no fighters scrambled in the air in the event...
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