Criminological Theory and Social Policy
Describe how certain theories are related to how social policies are created
Classical and rational theories of criminology view crime as a 'choice' made by rational human beings. Viewed as such, punishment must be swift and certain, so that potential criminals comprehend that if they act in error, there will be consequences. Crime should be dealt with fairly, regardless of the person's social status, so they understood that the law is fair, and can make an intelligent calculus to see that the pain of punishment is greater than the pleasure of committing a crime. This theory can still be seen in the use of the death penalty, whereby the ultimate penalty is supposed to prevent capital crimes or 'broken window' theory, which states that when people see that all crimes are punished, including broken windows, they are less likely to commit crimes themselves.
However, other theories of criminology hold that human beings are not nearly so rational when they act illegally. Social disorganization theory suggests that a breakdown of existing institutions cause the development of criminal behavior. This suggests that strong civic institutions, such as school, church, and the government, should be supported as moral bulwarks against crime. However, strain theory would counter that the frustrated aspirations of the marginalized fosters criminal behavior and what is really needed are expanded social opportunities and mobility through policies like affirmative action and improved public education.
Criminal theories of 'subcultures' suggest a more complex system of social esteem and reward provided by crime. They, too, however, would suggest that creating other means for individuals to establish their identity are more important than harsher punishments -- culturally as well as economically. For example, even relatively affluent teens who feel ostracized, like the boys who committed the Columbine atrocity, can act criminally if they find self-fulfillment as part of a violent subculture. A final concept of 'labeling' theories, or self-fulfilling prophesies would emphasize the need to avoid making a pariah of certain groups, and fighting against discrimination (like the current hatred of illegal immigrants and Latinos in general in many areas) and also stresses the need to help individuals feel integrated into larger society.
Reference
Criminological theory. (1999). Retrieved August 12, 2009 at http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/200/Diane_Demelo/diane.pdf
