Under the stewardship of Police Commissioner Howard Safir, the NYPD began analyzing daily crime statistics collected from its 40,000 officers throughout the five boroughs of New York City and generating computer modeling of crime trends in a system dubbed CompStat that allowed the accurate identification of crime trends with pinpoint accuracy, often permitting nearly as precise predictive modeling via extrapolation (Safir, 2003).
The other main benefit and purpose of CompStat was that is enabled police administrators to grade the performance of every precinct according to any criteria defined by policy considerations. That aspect of CompStat is relied upon heavily by NYPD administration to the extent that Commissioner Safir reassigned, removed, or demoted fifty-four precinct commanders during his tenure as commissioner between 1996 and 2000 (Safir, 2003). Naturally, the technical means of data collection and analysis techniques differ quite profoundly from those available to previous generations of police administrators, but the actual methodology of the CompStat system is very similar, in principle, to the original pin mapping in use for almost a century and a half throughout modern municipal police organizations worldwide (Schmalleger, 2008).
The Problem with Evaluation via Objective Crime Statistics:
Ideally, crime mapping and predictive modeling also provide police administrators with purely objective data enabling evaluations that are immune from subjective contamination to whatever extent those data are relied upon for evaluations.
Whereas the principle weakness of narrative supervisory evaluations is their subjective nature, the corresponding weakness inherent in the objective results-oriented evaluation made possible by computer-enhanced, up-to-date, pinpoint analyses of crime in each precinct or command area lies in the manipulation of data prior to its entry into the system (Conlon, 2004).
For example, the fact that police administrators used CompStat to identify poorly performing precincts led to numerous instances of deliberate data manipulation, such as in the form of enforcement instructions issued to patrol officers. Specifically, if borough commanders or precinct captains faced negative evaluations and supervisory criticism by virtue of CompStat data indicating high rates of robbery in their areas of command, they learned to tailor their enforcement commands to manipulate the data in their favor (Conlon, 2004).
Typical examples included borough-wide instructions to apply very stringent technicalities to differentiate...
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