Crime Trends in Indiana, 1981-2011
With an economy founded on agriculture and industry, and few blighted urban centers, Indiana's crime rates in all indexed categories have historically been lower than the national average. However, data collected between 1995 and 2005 shows a disturbing trend: the crime rate for many categories is declining in the rest of the country faster than in the state of Indiana. This data is shown in Figure 1, below.
Indiana Crime Index Rate per 100,000 Residents Compared to National. From Indiana Criminal Justice Institute.
Currently, Indiana's cities are suffering from the loss of jobs in the state and the region, especially the northern cities like Gary and Hammond. Trends in urban crime are different from trends in rural crime, and it is also helpful for business owners and community leaders to understand the answer to the question "who commits crimes?" Community members and prospective Indiana homebuyers need to be aware of trends in crime that have affected the state over the last 10 years. The following report details trends in property crimes and how they are distributed across demographics and geographical variations. I am focusing on property crime today because it is the most relevant category to address during the current economic recession. Understanding property crime is the first step in reducing its impact on our economy and our communities.
What Are Property Crimes?
Property crimes include burglary, larceny/theft, and motor vehicle theft. Larceny includes crimes like embezzlement, extortion, blackmail, and fraud. These crimes damage the value of a community by removing resources from their owners and transferring these resources to individuals who did nothing to earn them -- in many cases, individuals outside the community. Globally, retailers spent $26.2 billion in 2010 on loss prevention strategies like improving product tracking systems or installing security cameras (Checkpoint, 2010). In Indiana in 2009, there were over 3,100 property crimes per 100,000 inhabitants: a total of 200,160 acts of burglary, larceny, and theft (FBI, 2010).
How Does Indiana Differ?
Indiana is somewhat similar to its closest neighbors: Illinois, Michigan, Kentucky, and Ohio. All of these neighboring states fall within the range of 2,500-3,500 property crimes per 100,000 people living in the state (FBI, 2010). The region is also fairly homogeneous in its distribution of small and larger cities within a post-industrial, large-scale agricultural matrix. It more closely resembles Ohio than any of its other neighbors in terms of the proportion of property crime committed in cities outside metropolitan areas vs. those committed in rural areas. However, it greatly differs from Ohio in the number of burglaries committed per capita. The table below shows a regional comparison of rates of property crime in each of Indiana's neighbor states. These rates are on par with national rates, and we have no reason to suspect a statistically significant difference from the national average for property crime.
Table 1. Property Crimes per 100,000 Residents in Indiana and Neighbor States. From Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009, "Crime in the United States."
Property Crimes
Burglary
Larceny
Vehicle Theft
Indiana
2,138.7
Kentucky
2,512.7
1,683.3
Ohio
3,270.9
2,169.8
Michigan
2,837.8
1,782.6
Illinois
2,736.9
1,927.3
Urban vs. Rural Crime
Indiana ranks 16th in population density among all 50 states. This puts it only slightly above its northern neighbor Michigan, and below Illinois and Ohio. Indiana's major metropolitan areas include Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, South Bend, and the suburban area outside Cincinnatti. The area around Indianapolis is particularly affluent, and the median household income of Hamilton County is $35,000 above the state average (Justis, 2006). On the other hand, Gary and Hammond, both in the northwest corner of the state, have declining populations and lower than average household income figures.
As you can imagine, the distribution of crimes in these areas, particularly property crime, is different. For example, comparing Gary to Indianapolis shows that residents of Indianapolis, the more affluent region, are...
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