This is largely due to the fact that there are specific internal factors which determine the orientation of the economy in a certain direction. These are most of the times related to the historical evolution of the country under discussion.
In the Sudanese case, the end of the war and the independence from the British rule marked the slow evolution of an autonomous economic system. However, the lack of experienced personal and the poor investment plans made these attempts fail. Also, the internal turmoil and conflicting situation between the North and the South aggravated the rift between the two regions of the country. Therefore, a sustainable development plan could not have been set in place because there was no cohesion both at the level of the political authority and the social one. (Country Studies, 2007) the Cold War changed to a certain degree the evolution of the economic spectrum because the external forces that exercised their influence such as the Arabic countries on the one hand and the U.S. And the European Community on the other increased the level of exploitation of natural resources Sudan possesses. Still, the governments in power proved to be rather weak and vulnerable and again, no actual sound economic progress could have been achieved. Nowadays, it is the international circumstances that made Sudan the center of attention in terms of oil exports as well as agricultural goods. Nonetheless, a precise guideline for a constant economic development is yet to be set in place. This is due, again, to the internal struggles, both in political terms and in the ones related to religious and ethnic tensions that characterize the society in Sudan.
Religion and Politics
The religious spectrum in Sudan is dominated by two major powers. At one end, there is the Muslim majority, which represents over 70% of the population, directed mostly in the North, while at the other end there is the Christian minority which makes up almost 5% of the population, mostly in the South and in the capital Khartoum. The rest of the population is of different other religions or beliefs. The Sudanese government "that has been in power in Sudan since 1989 has consciously based its administration on Islamic values." (the European Sudanese Public Affairs Council, 2002) in theory, each of the federative parts of the state has the right to choose its own law, suggesting that Christians for instance cannot be subject to the Sharia, and thus the South may have a different set of laws from the Northern Muslim part. However, the fact that there is no coherent support for the government in Khartoum and even that one is volatile made the authorities often disregard the equality and freedom of religion advocated by the 1998 Constitution.
The future of this relation between religion and politics is rather uncertain due to the fact that there are a series of factors which influence the ongoing process of democratization in Sudan. As stated by Kasfir, who concludes that "the regime depends on the support of wealthy political and economic interests that represent a small minority of the Sudanese people," there are various elements Khartoum must take into account when deciding on an elaborate and long-term policy towards integrating all the religious voices in its legal and political framework. (2005)
Ethnic-cultural divisions
Along the lines of the religious division facing the Sudanese, there are also ethnic and cultural ones. Taking into account the fact that the North and the South have been battling out for more than two decades, there is little chance that the eventually reached settlement of 2005 be sustainable. The main ethnic division lies between the Muslim and non-Muslim groups. According to the media, "Southern rebels said they were battling oppression and marginalization." (BBC, 2007) Following the 2005 North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the South was given a certain amount of autonomy for a period of six years. In this view it can be said that a certain power sharing arrangement was somewhat reached. Still, in practice, this could not have been set in motion and resulted in the Darfur crisis. Therefore, "Pro-government Arab militias...
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