These include ideas like soul, mind, ego, will, self and personality. Skinner, instead, suggests that psychologists should put their energies on what is observable, such as the environment and human behavior occurring in the environment (Boeree).
Person-Centered Therapy
This therapy states three core conditions under which growth may occur (Mulhauser,
2011). These core conditions proceed from the assumption that a person naturally possesses the inner resources for growth. He is the best authority on his own experience. He also believes in his capability to realize his own potential for growth. The therapy, however, recognizes that the realization depends on favorable conditions. Under adverse conditions, a person is often denied unconditional acceptance and positive regard. He then fails to apprehend the true meaning of his own experience. His tendency to grow in meaningful directions is often stunted. Conditional acceptance leads him to incorporate conditions to acceptance into their own self-views. These may include concepts like never being late or always respecting other or keeping the house clean. In the pursuit of positive regard, a person prefers to be that kind of person others expect him to be. Being anything else will risk losing their positive regard. In time, his identity and self-valuation are often replaced by the preferred identity created by others for him. He allows people's judgments and meaning to replace his genuine own. Psychological disruptions develop when his self-concept collide with immediate personal experience. This happens when his own sense or judgment conflicts with the infused self-concept of "ought" from others. These disturbances tend to persist for as long as he depends on the conditional positive judgments imposed by others for self-worth. They also persist for as long as he relies on a self-concept partly derived from positive judgments. His experiences, which clash or challenge infused self-concept, are likely to be confusing or denied in the struggle to deny it (Mulhauser).
These core conditions are unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding and congruence (Mulhauser, 2011). The helper or counselor extends unconditional positive regard if he accepts the client unconditionally and non-judgmentally. This attitude allows the client to address and express his thoughts and feelings, pleasant or unpleasant, without the fear of getting rejected or condemned. For the first time, he will be allowed this freedom without being required to do anything in order to earn that needed positive regard from the helper or counselor. With emphatic understanding, the counselor or helper is able to recognize and appreciate the client's feelings, thoughts and interpretations from his own perspective. She is thus able to see the client's separate world view. This thus tells him that his world view has value and that he himself is acceptable and accepted. By congruence, the counselor or helper becomes a real presence and a transparent one, rather than a cold and separate professional. She has no authoritative air or mysticism about her. The client need not guess on what is true about her (Mulhauser).
Under this theory, these three core conditions are both necessary and enough to effect a psychological change in the client (Mulhauser, 2011). Carlo Rogers was the American psychologist who was the first to formulate this approach in 1930's and 1940's (Mulhauser). Rogers is the father of the humanistic movement in psychotherapy. Its core theme in therapy is unconditional positive regard (Grant, 2011). His Person-Centered Therapy draws from the concepts of humanistic psychology has many similarities with existentialism. Both the therapy and existentialism teach that the client can make positive constructive choices. The helper or counselor or therapist becomes an instrument of change but who does not direct the change in the client. The former only helps develop and prepare the client to grow in it. The helper does this through an attitude of genuine and visible caring, respect, and understanding towards the client to allow and enable him to suspend his defenses and increase his self-awareness. In the process, the helper acquires and reflects the client's view of the world. She must be congruent and show regard and accurate understanding and empathy. She focuses her energy on the quality of the therapeutic relationship. She becomes a model of persons yearning to be more real. She is genuine, integrated, and can openly express feelings and attitudes in the therapeutic relationship (Grant).
The therapeutic process focuses more on the client than his problem (Grant, 2011). It enables him to reconnect with himself. Therapy helps him to deal with present as well as future problems. It also helps him become aware of his true self and to develop congruency. It allows him to suspend his learned defense mechanisms and become truer to himself. With a new self-perception, he is also better able to accept and understand others (Grant).
Limitations and Criticisms
The helper or therapist may be too dogmatic in...
Counseling is described by Kobeisy as the professional form of guidance that is aimed at addressing concerns as well as aid individuals in improving their attitude, coping skills as well as behavior (Kobeisy 1).Counseling can help people, families as well as groups in achieving optimal growth and development for the stages of life in which they go through. Counseling as a profession has many specialties like marriage, grief, and pastoral
Frankel (2008) argues that formal on-to-one supervision facilitates positive staff development. . Effective supervision practice promotes professional growth and development. An individual staff needs to interact always with a supervisor to enhance knowledge development. With the shortcoming identified in the supervision practice in various professions and my work place, the paper provides recommendations to enhance supervisory practice. Recommendations to enhance Supervisory Practice. Ideal supervisory practice requires good communication. Within a work
In this example, there is a clear need for the use of counseling skills in order to ensure positive outcomes for the client (Smyer & Intrieri, 1990). For example, giving proper medical counseling may make a difference in a person's quality of life. Formal helping relationships seek the deeper meaning of problems and utilize therapeutic skills to find resolution (Mowrer, 1940). Formal helping relationships are often more intense and
(Awe, Portman & Garrett, 2005) Mutual empowerment also includes the kind of encouragement and inspiration that is provided by mentors to other counselors. Mentors can have an enormously positive and regenerative effect on professional counselors and their work, as shown by the study conducted by Sandy Magnuson, Ken Norem, and S. Allen Wilcoxon. Study participants described mentors' input as "validating." They joined professional organizations, or expanded the scope of
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She is probably keen on abandoning her family as a form of escapism. Instead of directly confronting the core issues, she would prefer to jump ship and swim to a new shore. The trouble is that once Doris reaches any new shore, her same beliefs and value systems remain a part of who she is. I would aim to change her self-concept, beliefs, and value systems in a way
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