Motivation in Health Care
Desire is inbuilt in man. Our life and its furtherance through breeding are dependent on desire. Achievement of desire is what motivates us. On different levels, one might consider motivators and incentives. Often, the expeditious and efficient completion of a project is associated with a bonus. Motivation theory is a field of study that has established formalism for one important aspect of human behavior -- fulfillment of need. In fact, these needs are designed in a hierarchy. At the basic level, there is a motivation to live. Therefore, any act on the part of the person is generally motivated by this desire. Among basic needs are the need to eat, the need for shelter and the need to procreate. The dynamics of the "need to eat" is also worthy of consideration. Many aver that an American's need to eat will often coincide with the need to fulfill an appetite: that very few Americans or most Americans only a few times in his or her life would truly identify with the need to eat with the other option being starvation.
Once the basic human needs are met, a person is driven or motivated to fulfill other intrinsic needs. These are needs of emotional and physical safety.
In addition, one should also consider social needs. This is the need to be accepted and to belong to a domain or group; and, also to gain friendship and love. Consider the act of eating, which for many today fulfills, additionally, the need to find social acceptance. Next, is the need for esteem. This is an important need especially in the case of the health system. Esteem is the recognition of one's worth and the acclaim and attention it deserves. Maslow, who was the first to suggest the hierarchical theory of motivation, used the famous words to describe man's motivation to achieve his (or her) highest desires: the need for self-actualization. (Gwynne, 1997) He averred: "A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be." This is the need to fulfill what human's perceive as their "manifest destiny."
The above theory is generally called the content model of motivation where the primary motivator is fulfillment of personal intrinsic needs that may or may not reach the highest point -- self-actualization. Contrast this theory then, with a cognitive model of motivation as opposed to the more "needs-based" content model. This model is called the process model of motivation. This model proposed by Porter and Lawler (Albany.edu, 2003) A person's motivations are governed by the ultimate rewards. The cognition of the effort-reward cycle is what drives this person's work. In essence, therefore, a person who perceives that the rewards are not justified by the effort will not be motivated to perform to the best of his or her abilities. The Process Model is also based on a perception of how much better another person's reward are for similar or lesser work. This is where the cognition of inequity enters the picture. There is a complex dynamic whereby the needs in each step of Maslow's motivational hierarchy can be conceived as a reward system in the process theory. This is an important consideration, especially in the health care industry. Merely considering higher salaries and better benefits will not motivate a health care industry worker to produce at an optimal level.
Today's health care industry is the vast enterprise. Consider America's hyper-power status as the world's richest and most powerful nation. America's health care is the seventh largest aspect of its economy. Everybody agrees that there is a problem in the health care system. Most solutions however, fall far short. Problems from price gouging to inadequate healthcare-on-demand abound. Nearly a decade ago, former President Clinton put his wife in charge of creating a health care plan that would be all things to all people. Unfortunately, the plan mostly called for socialized medicine enjoyed by most European countries and Canada. This proposal was soundly defeated because it went against the grain of the free-capitalist, market-based economy that America espouses and celebrates. In any case, this work is not dedicated to "macro" considerations. It is dedicated to a "micro" perspective: What motivates people to continue to work in a health care setting? The applications of purely content and purely process models will be discussed. The primary aim of this work will be designed to identify motivational factors that would be necessary to hire and, more importantly, retain workers in this industry.
The ramifications of the health care...
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