Contraception, With Statistical Analysis
Contraception is the name for those medical strategies employed to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant after sexual intercourse. It can be broken down according to the strategy employed: these strategies are loosely called Barrier methods, Intrauterine devices, Hormonal methods, Surgical methods (also known more commonly as "sterilization") and finally Behavioral methods. I will give a quick survey of what these different strategies entail, noting the most common or popular methods within each category, as enumerated in Trussell's (1998) statistical survey of contraception. I will then discuss these individual methods in a little more detail, noting not merely the medical "safety" (measured in terms of risks or contraindications, and also measured according to the statistical analysis by Trussell which I have reproduced at the end of this work as Figure 1.)
Barrier methods are the simplest mechanical means of preventing a sperm cell from fertilizing an egg cell during coitus, the process which leads to the fertilized egg implanting itself on uterus, the rich loamy surface of the female womb where it can be nourished and grow into a fetus. Barrier methods prevent the fertilization of female egg by male sperm by presenting a barrier that separates sperm from egg, blocking the two from meeting and thereby blocking fertilization. The best-known barrier method is probably the latex condom: but other technologies including the cervical cap and the diaphragm also qualify as barrier methods, because they work in the same basic way that a condom works: by providing a technologically-designed barrier to conception.
Intrauterine devices are similarly technological to Barrier methods, however they operate by a slightly different means: they are implanted into the woman's cervix, and interfere with the ability of the fertilized egg to land itself on the rich loamy surface of the uterus and receive nourishment. The fertilized egg having failed to find a place to land -- due to interference caused by the implanted device -- it eventually passes out through the cervix and is therby expelled from the body without pregnancy occurring (despite fertilization having occurred).
Hormonal methods follow initial research done in the 1950s and 1960s by Dr. Carl Djerassi, a Stanford University medical researcher who faced such opposition on "moral" grounds for his research into reproductive technology (traditionally an area on which religion has strong moral teachings) and was forced to do much of his research and development in Mexico, where morally-inspired research regulations were more lax. Djerassi had noted the existence of special hormones which were only released by the female endocrine system in response to conception, designed to prevent further conception: he theorized that a certain cocktail of those hormones would persuade a woman's body that it was already pregnant, and developed the first contraceptive pill, based on manipulation of the female hormonal and endocrine system's own natural method of preventing conception. The first generation of pharmaceuticals had astonishingly high levels of hormonal content compared with today's pharmaceuticals, though -- it turned out that the body's ability to detect such hormones is far more sensitive than was originally theorized, and apparently a little bit administered pharmaceutically goes a long way. Also, over the past 50 years, new methods have been developed for administering the same hormonal cocktail but not doing so orally -- so other hormonal methods include injections and implants which differ in their system of delivery but which operate in the same way that Djerassi had originally theorized, by using natural hormonal methods of blocking conception to do the work of family planning.
Surgical contraceptive methods are slightly more drastic, because they imply sterilization of the patient. The two most common methods of surgical contraception are tubal ligation -- in which a woman's Fallopian tubes are "tied off" by a surgeon, to prevent further eggs from being released during ovulation -- and vasectomy -- in which a man's testicular vas deferens is severed or "tied off" surgically, thereby preventing active sperm from being released during ejaculation. (Other forms of total sterilization -- such as hysterectomy or orchiectomy, i.e., total castration -- are more radical procedures normally only performed in response to life-threatening illness, not simply to provide a method of contraception.) Tubal ligation and vasectomy are also noteworthy for being potentially reversible, surgically -- in other words, though the protection they aim to afford from unwanted pregnancy is almost total, there is at least a chance in most cases that the procedure can ultimately be reversed if pregnancy becomes a desirable state.
Finally, Behavioral methods are the last category, and these emphasize contraception by means of things like Abstinence -- which is not technically a form of contraception...
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