Verified Document

Consent In Research Investigations Whenever Term Paper

Question #5: Yes. Small samples are totally justifiable however, the statistical tool selected to analyze the data must be able to accommodate small sample size. The statistical techniques employed for small sample size is what applied statisticians call "robust statistics" or certain parametric types such as the t Test. Although the parametric tool is more robust that the non-parametric counterpart, parametric statistical tools with real small samples may produce misleading information because there is no way to determine if the data came from the Guassian population. That is to say, increasing the number of participants from 15 and 14 respectively to at least 30 and 30 might possibly produce result changes. However, there is no real way of knowing unless the study were replicated with a larger group. The advice to any research investigator is to have a sample size of each group of 25 to 30 at least. When this is not achievable always test the statistical significance of the main statistical value received; i.e., test the statistical significance to the t test or F test value received if that was the statistical test used by the research investigator.

Question #6: Yes and No. Any time there is a gender specific research situation the investigators must be sensitive to their audience. As bulimia is generally thought of to be a female disease, which it is not, it is important to study the disease of at risk people from a very neutral position. Therefore moderator gender is important and only female moderators should be used. Using male moderators with a female at risk audience may possibly bias the results or at least influence the verbal informational dissemination process. As race has no bearing on bulimia the issue is moot. However, without appearing to be stigmatic this reviewer would highly suggest that the moderators not only be female but average in weight and without observable weight issues in order to reduce participant frustration and anxiety which can influence test results for which there is no accounting.

Question #7: Post and pretest research investigative situation are usually configured to permit the research investigator to predict some phenomenon. As such sufficient time must lapse between the pre-test and post-test situation. Knowing that psychological dysfunctions do not appear nor disappear over night the length of time between testing situations is difficult to garner. Not knowing why the research investigator establish a one-eek posttest and a five-week follow-up it is not possible to determine or comment...

However, previous studies in psychology suggest that any treatment program must allow for sufficient time for the treatment to be effective. Suggestions with respect to the time span ranges from 6 months for minor disorders to two years for serious disorders. If this gage is to be used then the researchers did not allow a sufficient amount of time to pass between the pre and post test situations and the result might possibly be that of week results. In order to counteract the time problem the research investigator would have been wise to continue the study on a longitudinal basis to determine if the differences and effect were more permanent.
Question #8: Internal validity refers to an experiment's outcome as a function of the variables being measured, controlled or manipulated. Altering the variables can impact the internal validity of a study. Possible factors influencing the internal validity of the present investigation into high-risk bulimia participants includes, but not limited to, communication between treatment and control group outside the experimental situation; pretest/posttest practice effect; possible fatigue during treatment; possible lack of instructional standards between mentors; and demand characteristics. With respect to external validity contamination include, but not limited to, the Hawthorne effect (subjects knowing that they are in an experiment); treatment carry-over effects between pre and post testing; and a situation wherein the pretest interacts with the treatment and results in an effect that will not be generalized (i.e., sensitization). With reference to the present situation internal validity seems to have been more closely accounted for than external validity.

Question #9: Unfortunately the results of the present research investigation cannot be generalized to the larger population of bulimics with respect to the treatment intervention. The reasons are as follows:

Sample size is too small for acceptable statistical analysis without testing the statistical significance of the main statistical tool.

Substantiation for the pretest - posttest interval not adequately established.

Pretest - posttest situations are not designed for population inference only for treatment vs. control group inferences.

Longitudinal follow-up was not conducted to determine lasting effect of treatment.

Possible internal and external validity consequences.

Lack of clinical diagnosis for determining at risk…

Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Methodologies and Research Methods Used in School Advisory Systems...
Words: 3715 Length: 10 Document Type: Research Paper

Ethics comprises of an intricate set of principles, morals and institutional outlines that standardize scientific activity. Educational and social researchers face complex challenges occasionally, when they encounter the conflict of their legal and moral responsibility towards protection of their participants on one hand, and maintaining the standards, criteria of quality and significance of research on the other hand. Although, the research design or findings does not always restrained or deteriorated

Confidentiality Breaches & Informed Consent when Testing New Drugs...
Words: 2871 Length: 9 Document Type: Essay

Confidentiality Breaches in Clinical Practice The confidentiality and privacy of patients are considered as one of the fundamental freedoms that they should enjoy and are safeguarded under Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA). It is also a precept of the American Medical Association’s Code of Ethics and the Hippocratic Oath. The breach of confidentiality is unethical and illegal. Medical professionals are under the obligation of protecting the patient’s confidentiality.

Burkard, Alan W. And Knox,
Words: 1195 Length: 4 Document Type: Term Paper

Although the article provided interesting reading this reviewer cannot recommend the information reported to be embodied within a larger content knowledge area with respect to the understanding of cultural diversity 2. Vazire, Simine and Gosling, Samuel D. (2004). e-Perceptions: Personality Impressions based on personal websites. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87:1, 123-132. Any research investigation must command enthusiasm, interest and passionate commitment. If these tenets are not adhered to then the

Health Promotion and Health
Words: 3496 Length: 10 Document Type: Term Paper

Health Promotion The absence of illness does not thoroughly explain "Health", it can as well be described as wellness of the body and mind. More technically, health can be defined from two perspectives -- bodily and psychological health. A state of well-being due to regular exercises, adequate nutrition, sufficient rest, sensitivity to signs of sickness and when to seek help is referred to as Physical health. A person's fitness is showcased

Managing Building Construction Projects in
Words: 4597 Length: 18 Document Type: Research Paper

Inexcusable delay - these postponements outcome from a contractor's own fault or his subcontractors or substantial dealers Table 3-1 the Most Important Delay Factors According to Contractors Type Delay factor Rank Scheduling Preparation and approval of shop drawings 1 Financing Delays in contractors progress payment by owner 2 Changes Design change by owner during construction 2 Material Delay in the special manufacture out side of Saudi Arabia 4 Financing Owners cash problems during construction 5 Contractual relationship Slowness of owner's decision making process 6 Material Slow delivery of construction material 7 Changes Design errors made by designers 7 Scheduling Waiting for

Educational Leadership and Technology
Words: 5289 Length: 13 Document Type: Research Paper

Leadership for Technology Enhanced Education Organization of paper This paper is divided into 4 sections. In section one, the paper begins by presenting a brief overview that includes how the paper is organized. Following this, the paper presents and defines the construct, Technology Education Leadership, and discusses the significance of the chosen concept. Then, the paper presents and describes the one seminal article identified, which is most central to Technology Education Leadership. Thereafter

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now