Memory and Forgetting: A Comprehensive Analysis
Memory loss is a huge problem in an aging population.
No substantive cure for memory loss.
Forgetfulness does not always accompany aging.
Different types of memory loss:
Forgetfulness
Dementia
Alzheimer's
Confusion
The memory impairment that comes with aging may be due to confusion as well as memory loss.
Memory loss and forgetfulness may be preventable.
There are a number of different approaches to reducing forgetfulness
Background music
Categorization
Control
Daily behavioral changes
The goal of the paper began as a meta-analysis of efforts aimed to reduce forgetfulness
Too many promising approaches to aiding memory impairment to engage in a traditional meta-analysis
Look at the theoretical overlap of different known approaches that may enhance or impair memory
F. Not engaging in a meta-analysis of a single therapy because single therapies do not have therapeutic efficacy.
G. Examine the hypothetical overlap between various treatment modalities
II. Literature Review
A. Three types of memory as defined by Cowan, 2008.
1. Long-term memory
2. Short-term memory
3. Working memory
B. Repetition
1. Does repetition move information from short-term to long-term memory?
2. Does repetition lose its importance with brain changes?
C. Control
1. Inhibitory control in memory impairment
2. Inhibitory therapies can impair cognitive functions, including memory
3. Schilling et al.'s 2014 study of retrieval-induced forgetting
a. Someone is only .75 times as likely to remember an item after induced forgetting
b. Even people with poorer inhibition are subject to retrieval-induced forgetting
c. People can be taught to forget
D. Categorization
1. Connotations and denotations
2. Vlach and Kalish study of categorization (2014
a. Manipulated timing
b. Preference for massed over interleavened features disappeared with passage of time
3. Chunking
E. Emotion
1. Memory is not neutral
2. Salience is critical to memory
3. Walter and Meier, 2014
F. The Role of Sleep
1. Sleep seems to enhance memory
2. Lo et al. studied daytime napping and nocturnal sleep
a. Nocturnal sleep has a greater impact on memory consolidation for related word pairs
b. Both nocturnal sleep and napping benefit unrelated word pairs equally
G. Sleep and emotion
1. Emotion impacts the ability of sleep to improve memories
2. Cairney et al., 2014
a. A memory's emotional elements should be linked to its central constructs to optimize sleep-related enhancement
b. Sleep spindle cycles impact memory for negative emotional constructs
H. Hindering recall
1. Can people try to forget?
2. Spitzer, 2014
a. The relative baseline contributions of R. To F. appear to have a 2:1 ratio
b. RIF can impact recognition memory
I. Physiological changes
1. Many brain disorders are believed to be linked to physiological changes in the brain
2. Tu et al. looked at changes in the thalamus and its impact on memory
J. Other memory impairment
1. Not all memory impairment is forgetfulness
2. Confusion is a predominant form of memory impairment
3. False recognition study by Pidgeon and Morcom, 2014
K. Background music
1. Background music is believed to improve memory
2. Bottiroli et al. examined the impact of different types of background music on memory and other cognitive exercises
L. Ginkgo biloba
1. Examine use in patients with Alzheimer's and certain sub-types of dementia
2. Weinmann et al., 2010
III. Methodology-
In this comprehensive analysis, the author is going to explore the possible interactions between different existing interventions aimed at improving memory and reducing forgetfulness.
1. Additive
2. Multiplicative
3. Subtractive through interference
4. The author will compare the different possible interactions of multiple interventions, beginning with two different interventions and then adding additional interventions.
IV. Analysis
A. Table one- memory interventions
B. Table two- retrieval practice
C. Table three- retrieval induced forgetting
D. Table four- napping
E. Table five- nocturnal sleep
F. Table six- Mozart
G. Table seven- Mahler
H. Table eight- white noise
I. Table nine- no noise
J. Table ten- Ginkgo biloba
K. Table eleven- nocturnal sleep and Mozart
L. Table twelve- napping and Mozart
V. Discussion
A. Four interventions stand out as the most helpful
1. Repetition
2. Sleep
3. Classical music
4. Ginkgo
B. The combination of interventions may be the most helpful
C. The role of retrieval induced forgetting
1. Can retrieval induced forgetting serve as a proxy for forgetfulness?
2. Could interventions increase retrieval induced forgetting?
a. Table thirteen- Retrieval induced forgetting
VI. Recommendations
A. Get adequate sleep
B. Engage in repetition
C. Positive classical music in the background
D. Supplement with Ginkgo
VII. Conclusion
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