¶ … personality and psychotherapy theories, namely, client-centered therapy (CCT) and cognitive therapy. The first section of the paper takes up CCT (or Rogerian therapy), giving a brief overview of the theory's key points, including its founder and the views of the founder. Sub-sections under this section explore, in brief, the areas of personality structure under the theory, theory architecture, and an approach to intervention using the theory (or in other words, how the client is dealt with using the CCT model).
The second section of the paper follows a similar exploration of the theory of cognitive therapy (CT), developed by A.T. Beck. Sub-sections follow similar lines, concisely dealing withpersonality structure under CT, architecture of the theory, as well as interventions for helping out clients under this model, supported by literature in the field.
Finally, the paper takes up a comparative discussion, in the last section, highlighting the key elements that are similar to both theories, as well as elements of contrast between the two theories. Advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches in practice are also covered under this comparative section.
1. Client-Centered Therapy (CCT)
Rogerian or client-centered psychotherapy was formulated during the 1940s-50s by American psychologist, Carl Rogers. This kind of talk psychotherapy is aimed at boosting an individual's self-worth, lowering the gap between actual and ideal self, and enabling the individual to function more completely. The fierce belief of the theory's founder in mankind's positive nature stems from his numerous years of experience in the clinical counseling field. In his view, every patient, irrespective of their problem(s), is capable of improving without any specific guidance by their counselor, if only they begin believing and valuing themselves. In response to the psychotherapy models that promoted philosophical determinism, a humanistic emphasis on mankind's free will, as well as on the democratic nature of therapist-client relationship, arose. (Bozarth, 1997, p.82; Samstag, 2007, p.295)
0. Personality structure
The CCT model assumes that the feelings, actions and thoughts of humans are guided and inspired by a constructive influence -- the tendency of self-actualization -- innate in all living creatures. Roger's idea of the personality disturbance process suggests that people become inflicted with psychological illnesses due to conditional approval introjections from people important to them, such as parents. These conditional acceptance introjections give rise to incongruence between self-concept and organismic experience (Hill, 2007, p.261). When the self gets burdened with conditions to prove its worth, the individual becomes anxious and weak. CCT theory claims that when an individual senses unconditional positive concern in the form of earnest empathy from his/her therapist (a congruent person), his/her self-actualization tendency becomes boosted. This is the theoretical basis for the "necessary and sufficient" conditions presented as therapeutic attitudes required to be embodied by the client-centered therapist (Bozarth, 1997, p.82).
Rogers (1957) states that, the patient is considered as being in an incongruent state (anxious or vulnerable). In the CCT model, incongruence represents a key construct; incongruence implies an inconsistency between an individual's actual experience and his/her self-picture in terms of that experience (p.96). A person who isn't aware of incongruence within himself is simply susceptible to inefficiency and anxiety. There may be possibility of an experience occurring so unexpectedly or so perceptibly that one cannot deny incongruence. Hence, the individual is susceptible to it (Hill, 2007, p.261). When personal incongruence is only dimly sensed by an individual, a state of tension called anxiety transpires. A strong sense of incongruence need not be felt. Subliminal perception (subception), or a feeling of threat to self without knowledge of what the threat is, is sufficient. Often, this sort of anxiety is felt during therapy, as clients come close to becoming aware of some part of their experience that is sharply contradictory to their self-concept (Rogers, 1957, p.97; Rogers, 1992, p.828).
0. Architecture of the theories
Rogers (1992) came up with a list of six necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of therapeutic change, out of which two may be best regarded as prerequisites: 1) There is psychological interaction, because a relationship is required for change to take place; and 2) The patient is in an incongruent state (i.e. vulnerability or anxiety exists). The remaining four conditions which were necessary and sufficient, in Roger's opinion, for the occurrence of therapeutic change are: 3) The counselor has an integrated, sincere and congruent personality; 4) The counselor feels unconditional positive esteem for the patient; 5) The counselor is earnest in understanding the patient, and tries to convey this understanding; and 6) The patient senses the counselor's empathy and acceptance (p.6).
0. Intervention
The paper presented by Carl Rogers in 1957 deals with how best psychotherapists can work with patients to facilitate therapeutic...
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