Verified Document

Cognitive Therapy And Depression Essay

¶ … Depression is a state of sadness and gloom where one feels dull and overwhelmed by the challenges of life. People tend to say that they are "depressed' any time they feel very unhappy. More likely than not, it could just be a mere response to fatigue, sad thoughts or events. This improper use of this term causes confusion between an ordinary mood swing and a medical condition. While it is normal for all human beings to experience dejection every now and then, a few people may experience unipolar depression. Ordinary dejection is rarely serious enough to significantly affect a person's day to day activities and does not persist for long. Mood downcasts can even have some benefits. Time spent contemplating can help an individual explore their inner self, values and way of life. They often come out of it feeling stronger, resolved and with a greater sense of clarity. Unlike normal dejection, clinical depression does not have any characteristics of redemption. It causes severe and persistent psychological pain that can get worse with time. The victims may find that they have no will to do simple activities in life; the will to live is lost in some cases (Comer, 2013).

Behaviors Associated with Depression

Different people may have different forms of depression. Most of the victims feel dejected and melancholic. They describe how they feel with words such as "empty", "humiliated" or "miserable". The sense of humor is often lost, depressed persons rarely get pleasure from any activity, and in some cases, they display the inability to feel pleasure (anhedonia). Several of them experience anger, agitation or anxiety. This immense misery may cause crying spells (Comer, 2013).

People suffering from depression tend to lose the desire to engage in their normal activities. A majority of them report to have lost their drive, spontaneity and initiative. They may find that they have to push themselves to work, obey meals, have sex or even chat with friends. This is a state known as "paralysis of will". Victims of depression are not usually very active or productive. They spend more time with no company and may be in bed for extended periods. They hold very negative opinions about themselves. They tend to consider themselves inferior, undesirable, inadequate and even evil. They also lay the blame for almost all unfortunate events on themselves even when they are not responsible in any way and seldom take credit for their positive achievements.

Pessimism is another cognitive sign of depression. Victims tend to be convinced that things can never get better and feel like they cannot change anything in their lives. Since they expect a negative outcome, they are more likely to fall into procrastination. They are vulnerable to suicidal thoughts due to the sense of helplessness and lack of hope (Wilson & Deane, 2010).

Depressed people tend to claim that they have poor intellectual abilities. They lack focus, feel confused, have poor memory and lack the ability to solve some basic problems. In studies carried out in laboratories, people with depression perform poorly on tasks requiring reasoning, attention and memory as compared to people who are not depressed. However, it is possible that these challenges are not a reflection...

As a matter of fact, numerous depressions are at first misdiagnosed as a medical problem. Sleep and appetite problems are particularly common. A majority of depressed people report feeling more fatigued, and eating and sleeping less than they did before. However, there are some who sleep and eat excessively.
Biological Influences on Depression

According to studies conducted on biochemical, anatomical, genetic and immune systems, it is evident that biological factors have an influence on depression. Four different researches -- molecular biology gene studies, adoption, twin and family pedigree -- suggest that there are people who have an inherited depression predisposition (Elder &Mosack, 2011). Family pedigree studies pick individuals who are depressed as probands (people who are the main focus in a genetic study), conduct examinations on their relatives and find out whether there are other family members who suffer from depression. If the unipolar depression predisposition is hereditary, the relatives of a proband have a higher chance of getting depression than the general public. According to researchers, up to 20% of the victim's relatives have depression as compared to only 10% of the population. If a monozygotic twin becomes depressed, the other twin has a 46% chance of having depression. Contrary to this, when a dizygotic (fraternal) twin has depression, there is only a 20% chance of the other twin developing depression (Comer, 2013).

Adoption studies also imply that there are genetic factors involved, at least in severe depression cases. A study in Denmark examined families with adopted children who had been hospitalized because of depression. It turned out that the adoptees' biological parents have a higher chance of developing severe (but not mild) depression than the biological parents of adoptees who are not depressed. These findings are interpreted by some theorists to mean that genetic factors are more likely to cause severe depression than mild depression.

There is a strong connection between depression and the low activity of serotonin and norepinephrine (neurotransmitter chemicals). It was believed that the low activity of any of these two chemicals could lead to depression for many years, but investigators have found that there is a more complicated relationship (Goldstein, Potter, Ciraulo, & Shader, 2010). According to research, the interaction between the activity norepinephrine and serotonin or between these neurotransmitters and other neurotransmitters present in the brain may be responsible for unipolar depression as opposed to the operation of one neurotransmitter alone. For instance, some studies suggest that there is an imbalance in dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter activity in people who have depression. Some researchers, in this theory's variation,…

Sources used in this document:
References

Comer, R. (2013). Abnormal Psychology (8th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.

Bolton, P., Bass, J., Neugebauer, R., Verdeli, H., Clougherty, K. F., Wickramaratne, P.,. ..& Weissman, M. (2003). Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 289(23), 3117-3124. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12813117

Dombrovski, A. Y., Lenze, E. J., Dew, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Pollock, B. G., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2007). Maintenance Treatment for Old-Age Depression Preserves Health-Related Quality of Life: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Paroxetine and Interpersonal Psychotherapy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55(9), 1325-1332. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17767673

Elder, B. L., &Mosack, V. (2011). Genetics of depression: an overview of the current science. Issues in mental health nursing, 32(4), 192-202. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21355753
Goldstein, D. J., Potter, W. Z., Ciraulo, D. A., &Shader, R. I. (2011). Biological theories of depression and implications for current and new treatments. In Pharmacotherapy of depression (pp. 1-32). Humana Press. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-60327-435-7_1
Hammar, A., Strand, M., Ardal, G., Schmid, M., Lund, A., & Elliott, R. (2011). Testing the cognitive effort hypothesis of cognitive impairment in major depression. Nordic journal of Psychiatry, 65(1), 74-80. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20560870
Klein, D., Kotov, R., &Bufferd, S. (2011). Personality and Depression: Explanatory Models and Review of the Evidence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 269-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 68(4), 615. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10965637
Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2010). Help-negation and suicidal ideation: the role of depression, anxiety and hopelessness. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(3), 291-305. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957103
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Cognitive Therapy Provides a Structured Framework for
Words: 1239 Length: 4 Document Type: Essay

Cognitive therapy provides a structured framework for change. Describe your understanding of how this form of therapy works. According to Cherry (2012), cognitive behavior therapy, also known as CBT focuses on helping clients to understand the thoughts and feelings that create their behaviors. If such behaviors are problematic, the client is encouraged to work on the way they think and feel about certain situations, which, it is assumed, would then also

Cognitive Therapy Is a Form
Words: 2526 Length: 8 Document Type: Research Paper

Treatment Process To treat dysfunctional modes of either thinking or behaving in Cognitive Therapy three general approaches are applied: 1. Deactivation through distraction or reassurance 2, Modification of content or structure 3. The construction of more adaptive modes which "neutralizes' the maladaptive modes. These steps are fundamental in the process as each step is an aspect of the developed sense of self or core belief. To describe each process is also

Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Therapy Psychology Is a
Words: 728 Length: 2 Document Type: Term Paper

Cognitive Psychology Cognitive therapy psychology is a proven, effective theoretical psychological approach. Its focus on guided self-improvement and underlying assumption that individuals are capable of change fits well with my personal belief system. Identifying and changing negative thoughts and perceptions, and changing underlying behaviors can all be useful techniques in treating a depressive patient using cognitive therapy. Cognitive theory is based on the idea that previous experiences and perceptions can affect and

Cognitive Therapy
Words: 1275 Length: 4 Document Type: Term Paper

Evolution and Development of Cognitive Therapy Psychology is a relatively young science. Though it has roots in philosophy and other humanities, it has only been an official science for a little over a century. Moreover, the different treatment modalities in psychology are also relatively new. However, in a short period of time, some treatments have grown to preeminence in the field, so much so that, even though they are relatively

Cognitive Therapy
Words: 1481 Length: 4 Document Type: Term Paper

Aaron Beck & Cognitive Therapies Cognitive therapies are therapies that relate to how a person thinks, and attempt to solve problems based on changing how people think. The founder of cognitive therapies was Aaron Beck. Beck believed that problems resulted from cognitive distortions, that is, were based in a person's thinking. Beck believed that a person's thought, beliefs, attitudes and perceptions were the basis for what emotions they would experience and how

Therapy Techniques Case Behavioral Therapy Techniques Can
Words: 969 Length: 3 Document Type: Case Study

Therapy Techniques Case Behavioral therapy techniques can help to analyze eating and activity patterns, dieting methods and habits, and analyze behaviors that cause stress (Behavioral Therapy Techniques and Other Therapies for Treating Behavioral Problems). By identifying the eating and activity patterns, dieting methods and habits, and analyzing behaviors that cause stress, it helps to understand what is causing these issues and helps to formulate a plan to overcome them. Once the underlying

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now