¶ … grey areas associated with medical ethics is that executive personnel in the medical community are not always subject to the same rigorous ethical codes that other workers in the field are. Arthur Lazarus notes, "American Medical Association (AMA) Principles of Medical Ethics provides norms for treating patients, but provides little guidance for physician executives in terms of helping their organizations comply with legal and regulatory requirements, avoiding litigation, improving productivity and quality and building organizational trust and integrity."
This is particularly true regarding executive practitioners in nontraditional medical fields and private practice. Fundamentally, the wide variety of organizational settings in modern medicine can generate an atmosphere where the straightforward application of any single code of ethics is simply not possible. Additionally, modern ethical codes need "to reflect the medical technology industry's unique relationships with health care professionals."
So, while the doctrines set forward by the AMA, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Psychiatric Administrators, American College of Healthcare Executives, and the American Academy of Pharmaceutical Physicians all provide detailed and useful guidelines for ethical conduct in the actual administration of medicine, broader social and moral conflicts can arise in which medical executives are forced to make difficult decisions.
Lazarus, a psychiatrist employed in the pharmaceutical industry, finds that all of these ethical codes could potentially apply to his practice. He writes that "many pharmaceutical physicians adhere to the AAPP code of ethics, which basically guides ethical decision making related to patients (subjects) in clinical trials, but not to patients seen in clinical practice."
However, this code is far from comprehensive with reference for to psychiatrics in managed care positions. Overall, the conflicts that exist between existing codes of ethics when it is unclear as to whether one or another should be applied undermines the validity of all the major ethical standards in medicine.
One problem has arisen...
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