Cities
Since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, cities have been drivers of economic growth. The critical mass of resources (labor and capital) that cities represent allows them to deliver economic production with a high rate of efficiency. However, this efficiency and productivity relies on heavy infrastructure investment to support the city. Critical infrastructure includes transportation, utilities, governance, law enforcement and education, each of which contributes directly to the economic health of the city. In recent years, there has been a push to include other components of infrastructure into the limelight as well, such as living space, recreational space and sustainability. This paper will analyze the key success factors of the world's cities and draw conclusions about how governments can foster successful cities in the future.
There are many different measures of success for cities. The most basic form of measure comes from macroeconomics -- GDP, unemployment rate and investment among the more prominent measures. De Leon and Boris (2010) argue that additional measures are needed to measure success, grouped into fourteen categories including poverty, health, natural environment, human rights, measures of well-being in addition to economic measures. Benfield (2011) supports the premise that a blend of measures contributes to the success of an urban area, including a sense of common identity among residents, the ability to withstand changes and shocks, and the inclusiveness of the city. The argument is that these categories are critical to sustaining long-term economic growth. The Global Cities Index uses a series of measures including business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience and political engagement in its classification of urban success (AT Kearney, 2011).
Brooke (2004) outlines the antecedents of success for modern cities: diversity, good governance, skilled workforce, quality of life, connectivity, physical renewal, business culture, brand and city-region relationship. For cities to maintain long-run success, their leadership needs to deliver these antecedents -- yet there are many underlying factors to building these. Governance is the first place to start, having a city relatively free from corruption, and...
Contemporary Cyber-warfare Cases Studies In 2011, the Center for Strategic and International Studies published Significant Cyber Incidents Since 2006 (Lewis, 2011) as part of its Cyber and Internet Policy, Technology and Public Policy Program. Among the incidents detailed in that report, referenced by their year of occurrence: 2007 After officials in former-Soviet Estonia removed a World War II memorial from its capital city of Tallinn in the Spring of 2007, a large-scale cyber-attack
The industrialist 19th-century Europeans frequently put this to the difference between private and state-sponsored religion. In 1837, an Austrian visitor to the United States observed: In America, every clergyman may be said to do business on his own account, and under his own firm. He alone is responsible for any deficiency in the discharge of his office, as he is alone entitled to all the credit due to his exertions.
In "Piaf," Pam Gems provides a view into the life of the great French singer and arguably the greatest singer of her generation -- Edith Piaf. (Fildier and Primack, 1981), the slices that the playwright provides, more than adequately trace her life. Edith was born a waif on the streets of Paris (literally under a lamp-post). Abandoned by her parents -- a drunken street singer for a mother and a
Business and SocietySince the industrial revolution, business has become somewhat more depersonalized. One of the complaints of Marx was that Industrialization had divorced the laborer from the fruits of his labor: he was no longer connected to the actual good effect of accomplishing something but was instead reduced to a cog in a pin factory, using Adam Smith�s example of the �division of labor� in Wealth of Nations. Society, however,
The process would take centuries, but by Elizabethan times it had surely begun. Serfdom had all but disappeared from England, and money rents and wages had largely replaced other forms of compensation and exchange. The new importance of trade contributed to a profound change in attitudes, one that was beginning to re-shape society itself. In 1579, Thomas Churchyard defined as nobles, "Merchauntes that sail forrain countreys," a statement that
NAFTA Historical Beginning of NAFTA (with specific bibliography) NAFTA Objectives What is NAFTA The Promise of NAFTA NAFTA Provisions Structure of NAFTA Years of NAFTA (NAFTA not enough, other plus and minuses).. Environmental Issues Comparative Statements (Debate) NAFTA - Broken Promises NAFTA - Fact Sheet Based Assessment NAFTA & Food Regulation NAFTA - The Road Ahead NAFTA in Numbers Goal Fulfillment Major Milestones Consolidated Bibliography This study set out to examine the inner workings of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The aim of this study is
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