The search for salvation could be seen to be connected to performance of one's duty here in the material world. Confucianism was indeed an important philosophy in the Tokugawa Period, but Japanese forms of Buddhism, together with native Shinto practice always remained central to the Japanese religious experience. As in Korea, Confucian ideals found support because of their emphasis on order. The military classes of the samurai and daimyo, especially, saw a strong linkage between Confucian practice and military ideals, many even criticizing Buddhist doctrines of rebirth as irrational, especially in regard to the idea of the punishment in hell of supposedly incorporeal bodies.
Japanese Neo-Confucianists even criticized Buddhism as an antisocial religion.
Confucianism was seen as supremely rational, while Buddhist doctrines were often questioned by those in authority.
On yet other levels, Chinese ideas were adapted to fit Korean and Japanese circumstances. As stated above, Confucianism in Korea was a religion of people seeking advancement within the social structure, a social structure that was tightly controlled by the Imperial government. Women; however, typically preserved Shamanist traditions, and many of the ordinary people looked to Buddhism as a source of comfort. Buddhist monasteries could offer escape from poverty and homelessness, its doctrines holding out the promise of ultimate enlightenment and perfection. Buddhism could also contribute to warrior ideals in Japan. The disciplining of the mind that was so central to achieving Buddhist enlightenment could also be used to perfect martial skill. The warriors of Japan found in Zen, and other schools of Buddhism, a way of thinking that could be molded to suit their own needs. The feats of endurance that were performed by Buddhist monks were clearly admired by the Samurai, as was the whole idea of the control of mind over body.
Thus, Korean and Japanese society found ways to make Chinese religious and social ideals conform to the needs of their own societies. The Chinese emphasis on order and hierarchy produced in traditional Korea a social structure that assigned different religions to different spheres of life. The home could easily accommodate Shamanism, more public facets of life might seem suited to Buddhism, while the state, for its...
Samantha Vargas Chinese Religion Intro to Cultural Anthropology Ch'en, Kenneth K.S. Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1907-1964. In this text, Professor Kenneth Ch'en writes a historical account of the development of Buddhism and how it modified as it grew. Buddhism is a unique religion in that it has been adapted to incorporate the cultural attitudes of the various countries in which it is found. Within China, Buddhism took
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Religions of the Far East are often clumped into a monolithic entity, perceived as essentially alike by those not familiar with the complexity and individuality of these traditions. Closer examination, however, shows that the major religions with roots in the Far East demonstrate a wide variety of beliefs. The tendency to group them under the heading of "Eastern religion" alone does not allow for the different histories, beliefs, and practices
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