The U.S. originally wanted Chinese immigration suspended for 30 years, as well as a prohibition of all certified Chinese residents returning to America after visiting China. The Chinese agreed to suspend new emigration for 20 years and to forbid the return of Chinese-American laborers who visited China, unless they held property or financial claims or had family in the U.S. The Chinese government asked the U.S. government to provide better protection of resident Chinese and indemnities in cases of future outbreaks of anti-Chinese violence. Although negotiations were difficult, they finally had an agreement in March of 1888. The Bayard-Zhang Treaty prohibited Chinese immigration or the return of Chinese laborers to the U.S. For 20 years, unless the laborers had assets worth at least $1,000 or immediate family living in America. The U.S. government also agreed to protect Chinese people and property in America (Wunder, 1983) Congress passed the Scott Act, signed by President Cleveland on October 1, 1888. This permanently banned the immigration or return of Chinese laborers to the United States and ended the exit visa...
Mass demonstrations in California celebrated the new law. About 20,000 Chinese, who had left the U.S. temporarily for China, were refused reentry. The Supreme Court upheld the Scott Act. Thus, despite the fact that the Chinese had worked hard and labored for many others when they were in the U.S., they were not acceptable to the prejudiced U.S. citizenship and had to leave.
Ah Toy is representative for the way in which immigrants and in her own case the Chinese were treated by the state authorities and the judicial system in particular. It was common practice the discriminatory attitude of the judicial system towards the Chinese immigrants given the fact that, on the one hand the legislature considered the immigrant population to be a threat to the well being of the Americans, and
In this sense, the structure of the society changed as well. More and more Mexicans became part of the American culture and contributed to its definition. The Mexican family played a major role in creating the sense of multiculturalism inside the society. Unlike the traditional way of life of the American family the Mexican family was quite different. In this sense, "Mexican residents were given one year to move
America eventually discovered that the tongs were a very organized criminal organization that held a tyrannical hold over the Chinese population. Despite a once-conspicuous presence in the Western United States, little is known demographically about the Chinese in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the United States. The widely accepted model of a declining male "sojourner society," beset by draconian restrictions on immigration and the impossibility of family
colorful period in America's remarkable early history is the gold rush era. In the late 1800's the discovery of gold triggered a flood of immigrants into the country, all intent on making their fortune. These miners shaped the early history of America, and created a great deal of the legend that surrounds the era of the "Wild West." While some of the legends of lawlessness and debauchery are clearly
Mountain Mining Mining is the process by which minerals of various different kinds are taken out of the earth. As a general practice, a hole is dug into the ground, from where the minerals are harvested. These may be metals like gold or silver or copper, or they may be coal and salt and other like minerals, and they can be diamonds and other precious stones as well. It must be
Southern California Frederick Jackson Turner is perhaps most well-known for his famous essay, "The Significance of the Frontier on American History." In this essay, Turner defines and supports his thesis that the history of the American West is the history of America. This theory directly correlates to the concept of Manifest Destiny put forth by Monroe in which the push westward and the subsequent development, it was believed, was man's
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