Finally, food insecurity rates are significantly lower for lower-income children living with their married biological/adoptive parents (46.8%) than for all other groups considered.
The share of lower-income children who are food-insecure declined by 4.0 percentage points between 1997 and 2002.
Food insecurity rates fell for lower-income children living with married parents, married stepparents, and single mothers but went up for children with cohabiting parents, although none of these changes are statistically significant.
According to Sari Friedman, attorney, children still need both parents even after the divorce and the parents should both continue involvement in the child health education and welfare taking an active role. In December 1, 1998, the Wall Street Journal Article by Maggie Gallagher's entitled "Fatherless boys grow up Into Dangerous Men" reviews a study conducted at the University of California and Princeton. The total of 6,400 boys were studied and followed throughout 20 years of their growing up and development. The study, according to the Wall Street Journal, "...controlled for family background variables such as mother's educational level, race, family income, and number of siblings, as well as neighborhood, unemployment rates, median income, and even cognitive ability...." The findings were that the boys that were raised without the experiential observation of intact marriages are generally twice as likely as other boys to wind up in mail and this is even after applying controls for the demographical factors. According to the findings each year that a boy is raised in a home without a father adds a five-percent chance that the boy will face incarceration in his future.
In another study titled "Long-Term Effects of Divorce on Children: A Development Vulnerability Model" conducted by Neil Kilter Ph.D. At the University of Michigan and published in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, October, 1987 states that:
The continued involvement of the custodial parent in the child's life appears crucial in preventing an intense sense of loss in the child... The importance of the relationship with the non-custodial parent may also have implications of legal issues of custodial arrangements and visitation. The results of this study indicate that arrangements where both parents are equally involved with the child are optimal. When this type of arrangement is not possible, the child's continued relationship with the non-custodial parent remains essential."
In a separate study stated is that: The impact of parental divorce and subsequent father absence in the wake of this event has long been thought to affect children quite negatively... The results of this study suggest that father loss through divorce is associated with diminished self-concept in children...at least for this sample of children from the Midwestern United States.
Conclusion:
Although many children do grow up in homes without their father present and some children without even the benefit of receiving support and maintenance it is possible that the child's mother, through positive reinforcement may avoid many of the inherent pitfalls and in doing so make provision of a greater than normal chance of life success for the child. Although there may be an 'empty' spot in the child's life but this may be remedied through community role models and their interaction with the child. The mother's perception will be more times than not that which influences or colors the child's experiential perception.
In previous decades it...
However, as male children transition into late childhood and adolescence, they tend to withdraw from their mothers and confide much more in their fathers. In fatherless households, the male child often withdraws from the mother in much the same way, but without the option of shifting emotional connection to the father. As a result, fatherless male adolescents exhibit substantially higher rates of delinquency, alcoholism, illegal activity, and perform worse academically
Target population is single parents and low-income parents in Sacramento County and Northern California. The goals are to emphasize the benefits that could be derived from raising children in two -parents households compared to a single parent home. The Sacramento is the 6th largest city in California and 35th largest city in the United States with the estimated population of 477,892 in 2011. (The Healthy Marriage Project. 2011). Before 2005,
The small sampling of sources here gathered reinforces the initial hypothesis that ill-effects will be observed in children where there is an absence of a father figure. This serves to justify a proposed expansion of this approach wherein a more thorough gathering of material is undertaken. The methodology which appears as most suitable for this type of study is a more comprehensive literature review in which a larger diversity of issues is addressed and, simultaneously, in
" (Magrid and McKelvey, 1990). Although some analysts still toss around the question of nature vs. nurture, current research seems to be edging out nature and placing much more emphasis on nurture. Another notable expert who agrees with the author's premise is Benjamin B. Wolman. Wolman explores the foundations of deviant behavior in his widely-read book, "Antisocial Behavior: Personality Disorders from Hostility to Homicide," and emphasizes nurture almost to the exclusion
2003) Men and women: Becoming together. Intimate Partners. (pp. 389-397). This article stated that gender is ultimately a mystery that cannot be solved scientifically. Men and women can, however, come together in love and sex. Love increases this mystery. Although gender is not a science, we can see obvious differences in gender. Thus results love between men and women. Lewis, C.S. (1988) The four loves. Retrieved from http://duquesne.docutek.com/eres /download.aspx?docID=12758&shortname=lewis.PDF This article spoke of need-love
However, as referred to above, one central reason for absent fathers is that society in general no longer advocates a definitive role and structure for the father to adhere to. This can be related to the breakdown in norms and values in contemporary society which previously gave clear guidelines about the importance and purpose of fatherhood. In our postmodern society the norms about traditional fatherhood have been radically questioned
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