OBESITY
Childhood Obesity
Childhood obesity: An epidemiological overview
Community and population
Childhood obesity is an increasingly serious problem in America and around the world. Obesity in all demographic categories in the U.S. is increasing; however the increase in the rate of obesity for young people is particularly worrisome. The longer an individual is obese over the course of his or her lifetime, the greater the social and financial costs. Obese persons experience school and workplace harassment; have difficulty fully participating in the full range of physical activities needed for health and personal well-being because of joint-related issues such as osteoarthritis; and incur higher healthcare costs as a result of a greater risk of suffering from diabetes, heart disease, and certain kinds of cancer. The longer the person is obese, the greater these risks are compounded and today's generation of obese children may never have a memory of what it is like not to suffer from the condition. And obese children are more likely to grow up to be obese adults.
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), over the past thirty years, childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents. Although obesity is a multifactorial illness and has genetic as well as social origins, the rapid increase of obesity cannot be explained by genetics alone. "The percentage of children aged 6 -- 11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 12 -- 19 years who were obese increased from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period" ("Childhood obesity facts," 2014). Quite simply, the population's genetic makeup has not changed rapidly enough to explain such an increase. Children who suffer from obesity are, like adults, more likely to exhibit chronic health conditions "such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of obese youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease" and "obese adolescents are more likely to have prediabetes, a condition in which blood glucose levels indicate a high risk for development of diabetes" ("Childhood obesity facts," 2014).
However, not all groups are equally affected by obesity, once again underlining the cultural component of the disorder. "Among children, Black adolescent girls (29%) and Mexican-American adolescent boys (27%) are most affected" (Johnson 2012). Nonwhite children and adolescents as a whole are disproportionately affected by obesity. Poverty also increases one's risk.
Healthy People 2020
Given the serious national implications of a generation that may be sicker than its parents due to the obesity crisis, the national government has set standards to promote healthy weight loss. One specific objective as outlined in Healthy People 2020 is "NWS-2.2 Increase the proportion of school districts that require schools to make fruits or vegetables available whenever other food is offered or sold" ("Healthier food access" 2014). At present, only 6.6% of school districts are required schools to make fruits or vegetables available whenever other foods are offered or served and the 2020 objective is to increase that to 18. 6%. Children who eat more fruits and vegetables are less likely to suffer from obesity and offering them a greater variety of healthy foods expands their palates at a young age to healthier foods. Poor and minority children (again, the demographic groups more likely to suffer from obesity) are more likely to rely upon school lunches for the bulk of their daily calories. Competing unhealthy foods in cafeterias can also increase sugar consumption.
Federal, state, and local agencies tasked with addressing and managing this issue
On a federal level, the CDC, the Department of Health and Human Services and the First Lady Michelle Obama have been major proponents of anti-childhood obesity efforts. Campaigns such as "Let's Move" encourage young people to engage in healthy movement and to consume fewer highly processed, obesegenic, low-nutrition foods. On a state level, state health and education authorities can be extremely influential in encouraging, for example, PE in schools (or discouraging it in lieu of focusing more time devoted to academics). Unfortunately, "gym classes are being sacrificed across the country to save money and satisfy federal mandates stressing test scores in math and reading" and "little more than half of students nationwide are enrolled in a physical education class, and by high school only a third take gym class daily, according to the National Association for Sport and Physical Education" (Sealey 2013). Once again, poor and minority children tend to suffer more as a result because they have less safe space to play outside after school hours and fewer financial resources for physical extracurricular activities.
On a local level, schools themselves can promote physical activity and healthy eating but the evidence is that few...
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