Evolution -- Great American Interchange
The natural Panamanian bridge adjoining early North America with early South America is believed to have occurred 3 -- 4 million years ago. By studying evolutionary changes in animal species in North America, Central America and South America, experts formed the theory of the Great American Interchange, a mutual migration of Northern species to South America and of Southern species to North America. The evolutionary changes that came from these migrations are at least partially attributed to a Great American Biotic exchange. Experts traditionally believe that Northern species that migrated to South America were more successful in surviving and evolving because of prior migrations from greater land masses and easier adaptation to the climate of South America. However, as experts make more and more discoveries in the field, there are questions and controversies about the number of migrations from each continent and migrations from sources other than the Panamanian bridge. The raised questions and controversies seem to expand our knowledge about the evolutionary events in pre-History.
2. Body: How the Great American Interchange Affected Animal Evolution
a. Important Results from recent primary literature articles and how they shape our current understanding of the topic
The Great American Interchange was the migration of North American (Nearctic) species to South America and South American (Neotropic) species to North America due to the rise of the natural Panama land bridge between North America and South America 3 -- 4 million years ago during the Pleistocene Period (Smith and Klicka 334). The Great American Interchange resulted in a Great American Biotic Interchange, resulted in the evolutionary diversity of several species, both the North and South Americas, with different origins and different evolutionary paths (Jimenez, Gardner and Navone 1167). The Nearctic species that migrated to South America were more successful in evolving and surviving than were the Neotropic species, as evidenced by fossil finds in North America, Central America and South America (MacFadden 162). Some experts maintain that approximately 17 New World species evolved, 12 of which remain (Jimenez, Gardner and Navone 1168). The 5 New World species who suffered extinction did so because of competition for survival sources, climate and the impacts of human migrations (MacFadden 164). This traditional theory supports a far neater scenario...
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