In 1978, Barbara Carper conceptualized the sources of nursing knowledge and developed a model now referred to as the basis for nursing epistemology. Carper’s ways of knowing has come to guide nursing education and the evolving body of evidence-based nursing practice. The four main ways of knowing in nursing include personal knowing, empirical knowing, ethical knowing, and aesthetic knowing. Nurses have also expanded on Carper’s original four ways of knowing to include experiential ways of knowing, intuition, sociopolitical learning, and even “unknowing,” a position of openness that “allows the nurse to be truly empathetic,” (Zander, n.d., p. 9). Different ways of knowing undergird nursing theory and knowledge development.

Nursing theory does depend primarily on empirical evidence that informs best practices and clinical guidelines, and yet the other ways of knowing significantly impact policy development, organizational culture, and cross cultural awareness in the healthcare professions. Awareness of the ways of knowing also helps to clarify different perspectives and points of view to help healthcare workers, patients, and other stakeholders find common ground. For example, personal knowledge becomes critical throughout nursing practice, and in fact does guide nursing theory. Ethical ways of knowing also inform practice guidelines, helping nurses and nurse educators solve problems and resolve conflicts. Aesthetic knowledge is more deeply personal, and yet it does impact worldviews and gives rise to intuitive judgments in the course of nursing practice (Brugger, 2015). Although empirical ways of knowing remain central to evidence-based practice, and the primary foundation of clinical practice, nurses need to keep in mind the ways other epistemological frameworks impact the attitudes and beliefs of healthcare workers. Knowledge that comes from ways of knowing alternative to empiricism are not necessarily invalid; but all ways of knowing do need to be held up to high ethical standards.

References

Brugger, S.B. (2015). Nursing: The ways of knowing. https://life.excelsior.edu/nursing-the-ways-of-knowing/

Zander, P.E. (n.d.). Ways of knowing in nursing. The Journal of Theory Construction and Testing. https://www.ghdonline.org/uploads/Ways_of_Knowing-The_historical_evolution_of_a_concept-Zander.pdf