California's Electoral System of Today -- No return to the New York Tammany!
It would be tempting to view the defeat of the Tammany Hall Political Machine by the opponents of political corruption as the clear triumph of good over evil. But the victory of the greatness of the 'morning glories' sniffed at by the politicians over Boss Tweed and his ilk was not so simply realized. The fall of the party bosses had as much to do with negative as well as positive political, historical and social influences upon the urban landscape of America. The first foremost and most sweeping example of this is the Great Depression that precipitated the subsequent nationally-based New Deal policies of the Roosevelt administration. This economic catastrophe created a program of federal social welfare surmounted the informal 'good corruption' policies on a local level that had allowed the Tammany politicians of the George Washington Plunkitt ilk to be supported. However, as gradually America became less fragmented by ethnicity and religious tensions, the class-based alliances and the narrow, polarizing ethnic alliances of the politicians became uprooted.
Plunkitt joked that New York City was governed better than Philadelphia because of the Irish presence in New York, because the Irish were better leaders -- and the Irish were synonymous with leadership in New York! This comment shows the dominance of that particular group in New York's political...
It is also worth noting that Irish were often Catholic, and marginalized from other forms of economic advancement, other than politics.
Another reason Plunkitt derisively referred to reformers as morning' glories was he felt they would not and could not stay in the communities he catered to -- in other words, the morning glories were imposing reform from the outside, without knowledge of specific local conditions, or constituent's individual desires and needs. Reformers seemed like creatures of the intellect, not people who were willing to help other individuals. Plunkitt, true to his working-class roots says that one cannot learn about people's desires in books -- rather one must go to the people and talk to them directly. Later, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was at least able to convey the same effect, in impression if not in reality, that he understood the ordinary, humble concerns of the common working person, through his fireside addresses. This is another example of how the New Deal created legitimate ways to deal with the need for a sense of political connection between common, ordinary Americans, as well as provide jobs and social services that guarded against the excesses of capitalism and mitigated the…
