Decreasing purchases of the items that regularly expire, assuming that such a decrease does not dramatically increase the per-unit cost of each of these items, would definitely present a cost savings to the organization. The other major costs that the organization has some (though not total) control over are the lost balls and the cost of trainers; it is likely that a move to hiring permanent trainers would be more cost-effective than hiring them on an as-needed basis, but more regular participation levels will need to be established for this to be effective. Likewise, it is possible for the organization to reduce lost equipment costs by erecting a temporary barrier to contain wildly hit balls, but the cost of the barrier would need to be fairly low and its durability fairly high to justify this. 6)a. Sales price variance = (25x40000) -- (25x39200) = 20000

Sales volume variance...

Direct labor variances are differences in budgeted and actual labor costs, and can be caused by differences in the actual rate of pay and in the actual labor hours per output unit.
c. Direct material variances are differences in actual and budgeted material costs, and can be caused by differences in the cost of materials and in the amount of materials needed.

d. Contingency plans are important because there are many uncontrollable variables in any business, and understanding/being prepared for several likely scenarios greatly increases effectiveness and efficiency.

e. Risk management allows companies to balance risks with rewards, selecting appropriate measures given a specific set of circumstances and projections while at the same time "hedging bets" and preparing to capitalize on multiple outcomes.