Blood Substitutes
The search for the perfect substitute for human blood began as early as the 17th century, when water, oil, milk and animal blood were used for transfusion until the first human-to-human transfusion in Philadelphia in 1795 (McCarthy 2003). Successes were, however, inconstant since then, as patients died due to injuries or from reactions to foreign blood, so that it was only a last resort during emergencies. Early in the 20th century, the cataloguing of blood types enabled the matching of blood types between donors and recipients, despite the risk of blood infected with HIV and other viruses, drugs and toxins (McCarthy). Even then, there have been too few donors in proportion to a large number who require it. In 2000, for example, eight million donated 13 million liters and 4.5 received the donated blood. Supply has not only remained short of the need, the shelf life is also short. The shelf life of red blood cells, for example, is 42 days and given this shelf life, 3 to 8% of donated units are soon disposed into the incinerator (McCarthy).
The ideal substitute for human blood has to be an oxygen-carrying volume expander without the characteristic antigenicity that will avoid immune reactions (Bartz 2002). It must have a stable shelf life and an intravascular half-life ranging from weeks to months, free of infecting agents and harmful effects, easy to produce in massive quantities and affordable to wide-scale users (Bartz). Most potential users or recipients of blood substitutes are trauma victims who need a universal oxygen-carrying volume expander that will not require cross-matching. Blood substitutes, given their low viscosity, can also be used during cardiac procedures to reduce the amount of packed red cells, for the reperfusion of ischemic organs during strokes or myocardial infarction, as organ preservatives...
Blood Shortage and Potential Life-Supporting Alternatives When the AIDS pandemic began to take its toll in many countries in the mid-1980s, it led to countless fears among people and institutions around the world. One of those fears was that the supply of life-saving blood could somehow become contaminated by the HIV virus. (HIV, of course, is the human immunodeficiency virus, which leads to AIDS.) In fact, informed people had good cause
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