¶ … Blood Shortage and Potential Life-Supporting Alternatives
When the AIDS pandemic began to take its toll in many countries in the mid-1980s, it led to countless fears among people and institutions around the world. One of those fears was that the supply of life-saving blood could somehow become contaminated by the HIV virus. (HIV, of course, is the human immunodeficiency virus, which leads to AIDS.)
In fact, informed people had good cause to be anxious about the possible contamination of blood.
That is because some doctors in France, while assuring the public that blood was safe there, covered up the fact that some blood supplies in France were indeed contaminated. The international media frenzy from that incident stirred even more fears about the safety of blood supplies.
There is a fear, which continues today, regarding safe blood and HIV - albeit, the "odds" of contracting HIV are from 1-in-450,000 to 1-in-a-million. But beyond contamination, there is another serious blood issue, and that is blood shortages. In the U.S., for example, about 12 million units of blood are needed annually - yet health officials say that by the year 2030 there will be an "annual shortfall" of four million units in America. This prediction of shortages is partially due to the fact that America's population is becoming an older population, and older people need blood transfusions the most. In addition, at the time the article was written, about 5% of Americans donate blood, and yet, every three seconds another person in the U.S. requires a transfusion.
What function does blood actually provide within - and for - the body? According to the assigned article in Scientific American, blood "transports nutrients, hormones and waste products"; blood also fights infections and has the ability to "clot" - preventing or at least slowing down serious hemorrhaging. The part of human blood which helps fight disease is the white blood cells. But the most "familiar" function of...
Blood Substitutes The search for the perfect substitute for human blood began as early as the 17th century, when water, oil, milk and animal blood were used for transfusion until the first human-to-human transfusion in Philadelphia in 1795 (McCarthy 2003). Successes were, however, inconstant since then, as patients died due to injuries or from reactions to foreign blood, so that it was only a last resort during emergencies. Early in the
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