" (Zeleza, 2003, p. 1) in the U.S. "there are...at least four waves of African diasporas: first the historical communities of African-Americans, themselves formed out of complex internal and external migrations over several hundred years; second, migrant communities from other diasporic locations, such as the Caribbean that have maintained or invoke, when necessary or convenient, national identities such as Jamaicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans....; third, the recent immigrants from the indigenous communities of Africa; and finally, African migrants who are themselves diasporas from Asia or Europe." (Zeleza, 2003, p. 2) Each of these diasporas "...has its own connections and commitments to Africa, its own memories and imaginations of Africa and its own conceptions of the diasporic condition and identity." (Zeleza, 2003, p. 2) the following figure illustrates these linkages among African-American women in American Institutions and throughout the world. Linkages between African-American Women in American Institutions and Throughout the World

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Jean-Marie, Gaetane (2006) Welcoming the Unwelcomed: A Social Justice Imperative of African-American Female Leaders at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Educational Foundations, Vol. 20 No. 1-2. Winter-Spring 2006. Online available at http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ751762&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ751762

Robnett, Belinda (2007) Gendered Resource Returns: African-American Institutions and Political Engagement. University of California, Irvine. Center for...

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Sims, S.J. (1994). Diversifying historically black colleges and universities: A new higher education paradigm. Westport, CT: Greenwood in: Jean-Marie, Gaetane (2006) Welcoming the Unwelcomed: A Social Justice Imperative of African-American Female Leaders at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Educational Foundations, Vol. 20 No. 1-2. Winter-Spring 2006

Verharen, C. (1996). Historically black colleges and universities and universal higher education. In Jean-Marie, Gaetane (2006) Welcoming the Unwelcomed: A Social Justice Imperative of African-American Female Leaders at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Educational Foundations, Vol. 20 No. 1-2. Winter-Spring 2006

Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2003) the Academic Diaspora and Knowledge Production in and on Africa: What Role for CODESRIA. Essay for Codesria 30th Anniversary Conference, Intellectuals, Nationalism and the Pan-African Ideal, Dakar, December 10-12, 2003.

Black Women in America

Historical Communities of African-Americans formed out of complex internal and external migrations over several hundred years. (Zeleza, 2003)

Migrant communities from other diasporic locations (Caribbean) that have maintained or invoked other national identities (Jamaicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans) (Zeleza, 2003)

Recent immigrants from the indigenous communities of Africa. (Zeleza, 2003)

African migrants who are themselves Diasporas from Asia or Europe. (Zeleza, 2003)

African-American women in American Institutions and their linkages in the African Diasporas. (Zeleza, 2003)