Black history and its cultural significance

Black History

EFFECTS OF CAPITALISM ON BLACK ECONOMICS

History of Slavery and Capitalism

Capitalism Effects on Black Economics in the United States

Capitalism Effects on Black Economics in Cuba

BLACK HISTORY

EFFECTS OF CAPITALISM ON BLACK ECONOMICS

History of Slavery and Capitalism

The ancient slave history besides the humanitarian aspect is considered a stigma on the so-called civilized society of the West. America's slave population was 33,000 in the 17th century, nearly three million in the 18th century. It later rose up to six million in mid of 18th century. During this journey towards passage to the New World period more than a million died.

The English colonialism is considered responsible for the promotion of the Atlantic trade and slave plantation system. The profits of slavery were mainly to serve the English economy. England's sole economic position helped the establishment of these colonies. The capitalist transformation of agriculture assisted in creating land less laborers that was available in the form of wage labor in England. The transformation of the English economy assisted in introducing a market for the new goods in these colonies. Earlier, this labor was based on wages and applied in the new plantations in Barbados and elsewhere. British emigrants were contracted to work as servants for plantation for a specific time after which they were set free to seek other jobs.

The contract servants confronted huge amounts of hardships on the farming jobs. The work was very hard, where as the out come in the shape of wages was very less. Moreover, the Escaped servants were made to serve double time for their farm owners. Repeating escape attempts could lead to the branding of a servant. The servant was considered the property of the contractor and was regarded on the basis of amount of tobacco or sugar that produced before the expiration of their contracts.

In those days, the landowners suffered the problems regarding product and farmers. For the increasing demand for the production of plantation exports, they needed more farmers. However, the servants on the contract basis could not guarantee and meet the needs of the system. Meanwhile the stories of the barbaric behavior on part of the landowners discouraged volunteers to get into contract system. Hence, the growing need for secure supplies of labor shifted their attention more inclined towards African slavery. Therefore, by the middle of seventeenth century sufficient growth of the slave farmers in the English Caribbean was seen.

In 1943, Eric Williams was the first to explain the rise of Capitalism and Slavery. He categorically explained the whole phase of enslavement that started form local Indian populations, then the use of white contract laborer till the phase of black slavery.

The origin of black slavery basically lay with the economic factor. The racial motive had nothing to do with the color of the skin, but it was primarily because the black labor was very cheap with respect to white labor.

Initially slavery had no relations with racism rather racism was the by-product of slavery, however with the passage of time slavery developed to produce racist social formations and ideologies.

The extremely strict ideology of the colonialism meant that the landowners always faced the possibility of revolt. Since the blacks and whites servants worked together the possibility of joint actions were imminent.

The authorities were frightened by such possibilities. More and more laws were passed to enforce cultural segregation. These steps facilitated racial solidarity among the white colonists. Therefore the low paid whites also started considering themselves as a part of the privileged white race. The racial color exempted them from slavery and they managed special treatments viz. A viz blacks. The landowners' were afraid of resistance and revolt from the black rebellion. This is how slavery was crucial and new racial differences emerged in the American society.

The term Slavery became a symbol of recognition for black Africans. Consequently, the blacks were identified as slaves or potential slaves. The most intense form of racial divisions was evident in the Caribbean and North American colonies. However, in Spain, Portugal and France there was a far bigger influx of black population. Blacks in these countries started demanding certain basic rights. In the English colonies such a glaring racial boundaries were not tolerated to emerge and thus the number of free blacks remained small.

Williams' work was the hypothesis that the profits of the 'triangular trade' between Europe, Africa and the New World had "made an enormous contribution to Britain's industrial development"

Capitalism and Slavery)

The discussion on the changeover to capitalism has seemed to focus on the internal economic and social changes that were essential for capitalist development while ignoring or minimizing the impact of external factors.

Using a variety of techniques, economic historians considered that the slave utilization in farming was a profitable investment compared to other investments. This was the main factor, which made the plantation system more popular with the farm owners.

Marx raised another issue, concerning slavery and the transition to capitalism. He pointed out several ways in which capitalism created conditions for its existence. Nonetheless, there remained problems.

The accumulation of capital pre-supposes surplus-value; surplus-value pre-supposes capitalistic production; capitalistic production pre-supposes the pre-existence of considerable masses of capital and of labor power. The whole movement, therefore, seems to turn in a vicious circle, out of which we can only get by supposing a primitive accumulation, an accumulation not the result of the capitalist mode of production, but its starting point."

Lawrence and Wishart)

The progress of capitalism required major changes out which most complex being the wage-labor. Once capitalism was firmly incorporated, it became a main source of reproduction for increasing investment.

The discovery of gold and silver in America, the elimination, enslavement and burial in mines of the aboriginal population, the beginning of the conquest and looting of the East Indies, the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black skins, signalized the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production. These idyllic proceedings are the chief moments of primitive accumulation."

Lawrence and Wishart) number of observers have revised the development rate of the British economy at the time of the industrial revolution. They considered that this would fortify the role of colonial trade in financing the industrialization.

Plantation profits helped economic development in a number of ways. By increasing the general prosperity and the economic conditions, they boosted the industrialization process. They also facilitated the finance problems of the new industrialists. The early industrial procedures involved an extended turnover time. In short a capitalist had to wait for a long time to obtain the profits from an investment. In such a state of affairs credit was vital. The profits of slavery helped to accelerate this process. Financial bills pertaining plantation products such as sugar or tobacco started to circulate as a source of money. In the absence of enough institutional sources of earnings, plantation finances were an enormous assistance to cover this gap.

By painting crime and poverty black, the ruling class effectively manipulated the color divisions of the country to their advantage. In this way, they have sought to establish a base for their fascist agenda by uniting primarily whites of all classes on the basis of skin color. Although white workers are the majority of the jobless and property less, the isolation of the minorities established the basis to attack the rights of all workers. There is no more proof of this than the so-called 'welfare reform'. Passed after more than fifteen years of anti-black propaganda, the true intention of changing 'welfare, as we know it' is now clear: the destruction of the wages floor and the creation of a pool of labor competitive on the global market.

Global fascism: response to global class)

The discrimination of blacks economics in human society was seen in different parts of world in some forms or the other where as the capitalist discrimination touched its peaks in the west in general and the U.S. In particular.

Capitalism Effects on Black Economics in the United States

While taking into account the position of blacks in the United States one must keep in mind that for more then a hundred year's slavery has degraded blacks and it has risen in the form of racial and economic discrimination that to some extent subsist even today. History concludes that blacks and the whites are socially divided since the time the America was discovered. Despite the idea that it existed because of white racism and their lust of being superior then the blacks. However, it existed to get blacks to work at the lowest wage levels so that white farm owners could save large profits. This motive behind slavery and doctrine of minimizing wages and maximizing abuses was capitalism. However, President Lincoln during the Civil War theoretically abolished this discrimination, however it regenerated in to new forms. The so-called free slaves found them standing unexpectedly in a capitalist economy full of opportunity, but were deprived of financial rewards. Eventually most of the former slaves returned to the former owner to work at fields as sharecroppers at the cost of meager deals with the whites who possessed all the land while they themselves had none. After freeing from oppression, blacks still had to face discrimination, as they were restricted to the jobs, which were considered to be more dangerous, and worth less than those reserved for whites. The Blacks were also used as an army of jobless that could be used by bosses to threaten unions to keep salaries low or else they could lose their jobs. This discrimination was an open fact that blacks were dismissed in excess during an economic decline and therefor had to suffer comparatively in greater numbers of unemployment than whites.

Study after study confirms that the inequality between wealth and poverty is more pronounced in the U.S. than any other industrialized nation. The Labor Department reports that one-quarter of all workers in the U.S. are living in poverty, either unemployed, underemployed or involuntarily working part-time. The phenomenal growth of prison labor and the provisions of 'welfare reform' are creating a growing pool of slave labor comparable to that in the lowest wage countries. With the elimination of entitlements has come the repudiation of governmental responsibility on any level for the individual, leaving in the words of the economist Lester Thurow, 'no social contract but fear.'

These conditions are the foundation for the challenge to capitalist rule. The struggle for reforms, for protection from the ravages of unrestrained private property, is the only arena in which this fight can take place. The capitalists must inevitably attempt to deprive the emerging proletariat of 'democracy', and more importantly of its constitutional rights.

Global fascism: response to global class)

James Foreman a black and his followers rebellion took stand against racism and the imposed poverty and gathered under a single flag during the Civil Rights movements, 'Black Power! Black theology associated themselves with the Black Power movement', which accounted for a new economic order. James Foreman concluded that liberation wouldn't be achieved within the capitalist system. Any black advocating a perpetuation of capitalism within the United States was not only pursuing his absolute destruction and death but also lead to contributing a constant exploitation of black's all around the globe. According to him there was a strong relation between racism and capitalism as both are the forms of oppression against which blacks movements were fighting. He was not opposing the current system but was concentrating over a new vision and accounted for a new socialist economic system in order to achieve the ultimate goal of liberation of blacks. He stated that their struggle was against racism, capitalism, imperialism, and they were dedicated to build a socialist society within the United Sates where the ultimate production and distribution is the States authority, which must be led by the blacks those are concerned about the absolute humanity of the whole world. The term "Black theology" raised from the civil rights movement in 1960's and therefore it shared the basic goals of protesters of that time. How could it be possible that a movement be in favor of both freedom and economic inequalities at the same time where blacks themselves were the main victims of the inequality. Thus, the Blacks movement gave a clear message of economic and racial liberation and was fighting against capitalism. The black revolution was an offshoot of previous revolutions in countries like Cuba, China, and Russia. In seventies Cornel West in his book "Black Theology and Marxist Thought," expressed his views for the need to bring the blacks and whites together and focused on studying their common enemy.

The problem that American society faces is that we do not have a free-market economy. Consequently, the battering ram of market competition has been prevented from performing its liberating task. State intervention has slowed and, indeed, reversed the gains that were being made by black Americans in decades past.

Minimum-wage laws prevent unskilled black youths from competing on the labor market and having an opportunity for acquiring the on-the-job training that would otherwise serve as the first rung on the ladder to success. The poor -- which does include a disproportionate number of blacks -- are condemned to socialist public schools, schools which provide neither a worthwhile education nor a healthy environment in which to acquire market-oriented "people skills." The licensing and regulatory controls of the government make it extremely difficult for the poor to start up their own businesses for purposes of self-employment. Moreover, the perverse incentives and rules of the government's welfare system make it difficult for those receiving state assistance to escape from bureaucratic dependency once they are on the dole.

It is not capitalism that has failed black America. Rather it is the state and its interventions in the market. And the failure for this to have been seen is the greatest illusion that pervades American society. Until that reality is understood, collectivist myths and racial prejudice will continue to haunt the United States.

Global fascism)

Capitalism Effects on Black Economics in Cuba

Cuban blacks presently facing the discrimination, making them wonder about their all efforts, and sacrifices that they made for the Communist revolution in Cuba.

Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution was succeeded through the large support of blacks in Cuba. He struggled for the reduction of racial discrimination. After his empowerment, he put an end to racial discrimination in the work places and launched a campaign against the hateful and repulsive system. He also paved the way to enable the blacks getting easy work opportunities in Cuba.

During his 37 years of rule, he took great steps in elevating the status of Cuban Blacks and Mulattos, which consists of 35% of the island's total population. He provided all the Cubans with universal education and heath care facilities. He introduced housing schemes besides providing employment opportunities in Cuba.

The Cuban demography does not contain a breakdown of ethnic culture in professions. In this regard, Dr. Lawrence Glasgow of the University of Pittsburgh's Latin America Studies Association discussed in an informal study that there were proportional numbers of black and white doctors, lawyers and engineers, an observation that exists across the Cuban professionals. Similarly according to Glasgow, the education level of black women has exceeded that of white women in Cuba.