" (2006)
The work entitled: "Tracking the Elusive Human, Vol. II: Reading: Type and Genetics from Chapter 13" states the fact that considerable evidence exists that "whatever the biological foundations to introversion and extraversion are, they have a genetic basis." (nd) it is pointed out that the studies of Sheldon "in which the trunk index remain constant are a good indication of this. And they can be complemented by Susan Faber's "Identical Twins Reared Apart'. (nd) it is further related that in 1956 Eysenck "in a study of identical and paternal twins, found that identical twins resembled each other more closely than fraternal twins in extraversion and introversion." (nd)
The work of Caitlin Thoday entitled: "Are First-Born Children Less Extravert than Later-Born Children" explores this area of study and reports the development of a questionnaire that was designed specifically for testing extraversion/introversion as dimensions of personality. Thoday explains: "Extraversion refers to a tendency to be sociable, active and willing to take risks. Introverts, who score at the low end of the extraversion scale are characterized by social inhibition, seriousness and caution." (nd) the study reported by Thoday relates that "results were collected in conjunction with demographic characteristics in order to test the stated hypothesis. Data was gathered through the self-completion of questionnaires by random sample of 100 respondents." (nd) After conducting statistical analysis of the results the conclusions of Thoday's report states that "extraversion/introversion and birth order are unrelated within the given sample." (nd)
The work of Tracy Ksaizak (2002) entitled: "Relationship Among Birth Order, Perceived Parental Expectation and Personality" reports a study that examined "the correlations between birth order and personality traits as predicted by Walter Toman in 100 Miami University Students." (Ksaizak, 2002) the work of Walter Toman (1969) states that research led him to theorize that particular personality traits are found in individuals in accordance to their order in birth. Oldest children, according to Toman:
Similar to their parents
High academic achievers
Are more often leaders
Are pushed harder by parents
Are often perfectionist
Were often disciplined as a child
Have above-average verbal ability
Are independent
Are serious
Are often tense
Tend to be conservative
Receive a lot of attention
Receive a lot of parental support
Are more comfortable around adults
Accept authority
Mature early
Are abstract thinkers
Tend to expect a lot from life (1969)
Toman states of youngest children:
Tend to be different from their parents
Tend to be low academic achievers
Are more often followers
Are often laid-back
Are not pushed hard to excel
Were not often disciplined as a child
Have average verbal ability
Are dependent
Are often hedonist
Are often rebellious
Tend to be liberal
Tend to be most social and popular
Tend to be most athletic
Are more comfortable around peers
Resent authority
Mature late
Are concrete thinkers
Tend to be optimistic (1969)
Ksaizak relates that Alfred Alder, "a Viennese psychology...established one of the first theories of birth order. His theory focused on 'dethronement'. A couple's first child is like a little prince or princess; subsequent children 'dethrone' this child by taking away parental attention and affection. The effects of 'dethronement', or lack therefore in the case of only children, determine such personality traits as responsibility, attitudes toward authority, self-esteem, and achievement motivation." Ksaizak reiterates his theory that "Oldest children are significantly different from younger children because the first-borns suffer the effects of enthronement while the youngest children do not. Only children possess the characteristics held by first-borns before their "dethronement" occurred, and middle children hold completely different characteristics because they never had the experience of full parental attention before "dethronement." (2002) Dr. Kevin Leman known well for his "Birth Order" psychology holds that the primary constructs of the individual's personality develop and are derived from the individual's birth order within a family. Leman states: "people are the way they are" on the basis of their birth order within their family. "...if you were a first born child you are a much different person than you would have been if you had been born later. If you are a later born, realize alot of things would be different and so would you had you been born first." (2000; p. 75) According to Dr. Jerome Kagan on birth order: "The child's ordinal position in the family has its most important influence on receptivity to accepting or rejecting the requests and ideas of legitimate authority." (Kagan, 1998; p.98) it is noted in the work of Sanderson and Sanders (2002) entitled: "Factors Associated with Perceived Paternal Involvement in Child Rearing" published in the Sex Roles: Journal of Research...
Birth Control Pros and Cons of Birth Control Birth control refers to different methods used to prevent pregnancy. It is also known as contraception or fertility control. Different steps or planning done for birth control is called family planning. As the pregnancies taking place at teenage are more at risk of its harmful outcomes; it is suggested that the youngsters should be given proper sex education and should be introduced to different
He used the still-shot (Dirks, 2013). Griffith incorporated "the technique of the camera "iris" effect (expanding or contracting circular masks to either reveal and open up a scene, or close down and conceal a part of an image)" (Dirks, 2013). In addition, while this was still in the era of black and white film making, Griffith was able to employ, "extensive use of color tinting for dramatic or psychological
Facilitating a Geographical Corporate Environment of Human Rights in Brazil This company has been retained by The New Global Link (TNGL), a corporation that has recently been awarded a license to do business in the country of Brazil. As such, TNGL, in retaining this company, seeks to understand the Brazil in terms of its socio-economic-political environments. TNGL, an American corporation, has a reporting responsibility and a fiscal responsibility to its
Marketing In order to incorporate the electronic education business into Med Ed, Learner is going to need to set out some performance benchmarks for the unit that reflect the bricks-and-mortar Med Ed educational leadership. There are a few different issues, therefore, that need to be covered. The first is the setting of performance benchmarks, which should reflect both the competencies of Cyber Health and the mission of Med Ed. The second
Part One: The relationship between extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticismCorrelation CoefficientTable 1 below presents the Pearson correlation coefficients depicting the relationship between each pair of variables.Table 1: Correlation MatrixCorrelation Matrix��EXTRANEUROAGREEEXTRAPearson's r����p-value���NEUROPearson's r-0.243*���p-value0.015��AGREEPearson's r0.299**-0.046��p-value0.0030.649�Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001� There is a statistically significant negative association between extraversion and neuroticism as shown by the Pearson correlation value of r = -0.243 and the p-value of
This leader must have subordinates who are trustworthy and the leader must be able to discern when it is appropriate to use this style. The most effective leader knows how to use a little bit of each style, and conversely the poor leader will stick to only one style despite the situation. A study by Hautala in 2006 investigated the association between personality and leadership style5. In this study, a
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now