Bernard Bailyn
For years, historians had been writing that the American Revolution was the virtuous reaction to England's curtailment of rights. Then, in 1967, Harvard history professor Bernard Bailyn added his additional theory of ideology. In his book, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, Bailyn agreed that the settlers were principled. Yet that was not the main cause of the discontent. Instead, he said, the settlers had inherited the suspicion of dangers that lurked with power of one entity over another. Rather than seeing England's actions as solely unintended slipups, the colonists were paranoid enough to read them as part of a political plot. Obsession, not principles, led to the revolution.
Four decades later, no one is surprised that Bailyn comes up with a different twist to history. "For the last five decades Bernard Bailyn has been the preeminent colonial American historian'1. According to Professor Richard Beeman of the University of Pennsylvania, he has been more influential understanding "the content and cultural dynamic of American history than any other historian of the past half century.2
Bailyn truly believes the saying, "learn by history." To President Bill Clinton and other guests at the 2000 White House Millennium Council, reprinted on the website, he stated, "in our public life we Americans, though we are often described as a young nation, with a shallow history, in fact live remarkably close to our past, and I mean the deeper past, reaching back 400 years to the first settlements of Europeans on mainland North America and 200 years to the founding of the nation."3 Every day, the past and present are interrelated. For example, he added, are the Federalist Papers of over 200 years ago, "Yet we study every phrase of these essays for meanings relevant to our present public life. The Supreme...
The telling of the ideological story occupied only half of the book. In two concluding chapters, Bailyn provided a complex explanation of the settlers' radicalism. Its deeper meaning lay in the fundamental challenge posed to the political understanding of the time. The decade of "pounding controversy" after the Stamp Act led the colonists to give new meanings to such ideas as representation, sovereignty, rights, and the nature of a constitution. In developing these positions, Bailyn argued, Americans also came to realize how different their society had become from the parent culture they had long sought to imitate.6
Bailyn ended Ideological Origins with the Revolution's opponents saying that the colonists' cry for their just rights hardly disguised the anarchic results to which their protests must lead. "No form of authority, however traditional or proper, would be safe ever after, the loyalists warned. Yet as Bailyn's moving conclusion made clear, the future deservedly belonged to the revolutionaries."7
It is essential to continually study such historical events, as the Revolution, notes Bailyn. In the personal search for understanding and wisdom:
history should be studied because it is an absolute necessary enlargement of human experience, a way of getting out of boundaries of one's own life and culture and seeing more of…
