B and T. Lymphocytes
The Biology of B. And T. Lymphocytes and the Reactions between Them
The Biology of B. Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes originated in 1960s and 1970s era through experiments conducted in animal models, clinical evaluation of patients having immune system diseases, and the nascent technology of cell surface molecule characterization. In fact, the origin of B. And T. lymphocytes took place simultaneously. The differentiation of the haematopoietic stem cells gives birth to the formation of common lymphoid progenitors, which actually generate B. lymphocytes. They are generated and developed in yolk sac, fetal liver, and the adult liver present in the body (Austyn & Wood, 1994). B lymphocytes are present in areas that come in close contact with foreign substances. They act as defensive mechanism against invading microorganisms, viruses and parasites and play a vital role in humoral immune response. Since these cells originate in the Bone marrow, they are referred as B-cells. B lymphocytes are further differentiated into antibody forming cells which are called plasma cells. These produce glycoproteins which are called immunoglobulins (antibodies).
B-cell development occurs in three main phases. Mature immunocompetent B cells are formed during the initial, antigen independent phase, which can easily bind to a unique antigen. B cells further form immunocompetent naive mature follicular B cells in the bone marrow and spleen during the antigen independent maturation phase. Co-stimulation and antigen binding activates B cells leading towards B cell development in the antigen dependent phase. During this stage, B lymphocytes differentiate into either memory B cells or terminal, antibody-secreting plasma cells. This also involves proliferation of activated B cell, maturation of antibody affinity, and antibody class switching within the secondary lymphoid tissues (Leiber & Tedder, 2008).
A typical B cell antibody molecule is Y shaped, where tips of the Y have identical antigen binding sites and the tail of Y caters the cell-surface receptors. The molecule consists...
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